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案例分析跨文化交际10篇

时间:2023-05-09 12:24:02 来源:网友投稿
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篇一:案例分析跨文化交际

  

  视界观

  OBSERVATIONSCOPEVIEW跨文化交际案例分析太楚君(云南师范大学华文学院汉语国际教育学院,云南昆明650000)摘要:在“一带一路”的建设与发展下,中国与沿线国家的联系越来越密切,了解和学习汉语的外国学习者越来越多,借以汉语国际教师为媒介,架起了一条中国与其他国家沟通的桥梁。汉语国际教师在外派国家时,常会遇到跨文化交际的一些困难,本文笔者选用叶军主编的《国际汉语教学案例分析与点评》中“一朵粉红色的康乃馨”为案例,通过案例,进一步分析汉语国际教师在跨文化的教学、跨文化交际中出现的问题,并做出相应的解决措施,希望给将要外派其他国家的教师提供借鉴。关键词:跨文化;案例分析案列:一位教师被派到俄罗斯一所大学进行为期三年的汉语任课。在最后一学期的课中,课前播放了一段送母亲粉色康乃馨的录音,播放完后,教师发现了一些问题。教师询问后得知,俄罗斯和中国在送花礼仪上是不同的。在俄罗斯康乃馨是送给去世的人,而且要送双数。送花给朋友一定要送单数,如果送了双数,朋友一定会生气。同时,教师也想起了在俄罗斯两次收到菊花的经历。初次是刚来到俄罗斯孔子学院报道收到白色菊花,老师内心感到的疑惑与不愉快,秘书建议教师把花拿到房间,教师将花放在原地。秘书再次建议教师带回房间询问是不是不喜欢这花,教师否认后不情愿地将菊花带回房间,每次看到都不舒服。第二次是该老师在任教第二年需回中国办理手续,学生送了老师一束雪白的菊花,这次老师热情的接受了,学生们建议老师将花带回中国。老师考虑到对话是在聚会上,不是在课堂。感谢了学生们送的菊花,说“花太漂亮了,我带回到北京它会不漂亮的,还是把它留在学校吧,这样它漂亮的时间会更长一些”。课上老师和同学们分享了自己和鲜花的两次经历,接着对同学们讲解了中俄两国之间不同的送花习俗,告诉他们如果去到中国也要入乡随俗按照中国人的习惯送别人鲜花。最后利用“康乃馨”和“菊花”两个词,把学过语法句式“按照....的习惯,俄罗斯人(中国人)...”进行训练。课后学生们既掌握了语法点,对中国文化送花的礼仪有了更深入的了解。(本案例选用叶军主编的《国际汉语教学案例分析与点评》中“一朵粉红色的康乃馨”案例)案例分析:从案例中笔者发现了这位老师在外派国家中产生了文化休克、跨文化交际障碍等一些反应,教学过程中发现中俄送花礼仪的文化差异。这位教师在处理这一系类问题中既有我们可以学习借鉴的地方,但在跨文化交际中产生的问题,处理方法有所欠缺。首先这位教师在任教最后一学期的课堂教学中才发现中俄两国送“康乃馨”代表着不同的含义,及中俄两国之间数字文化的差异。能看出这位教师在前往俄罗斯孔子学院任教前缺少该国文化的深入了解。在两次收到花的经验中未总结出问题,并分析。导致课堂教学中出现问题,反映教师备课不充分。国际汉语教师在外派前需要对目的国的整体情况要有所了解,不仅包括地理位置,人文风俗,国情,社会习俗,更要注意该目的国的文化。可以说文化是跨文化交际研究的核心,因为文化本身具有复杂性,身处异国文化中,进行跨文化交际是困难的。教师应培养自己的跨文化意识,避免文化休克。教师在外派前,可以参加有关外派国家的跨文化训练,有关机构也可以在教师外派前开设跨文化交际的有关课程。188例如,就某个国家的历史文化习俗等情况做演讲、播放录像、组织讨论,进行文化敏感的训练,互动训练,体验训练。课后教师也可以看一些有关该国的一系列的纪录片、电影。或者找该国留学生交流、沟通两个国家不同的文化观念,补充自己的不足之处。其次教师在备课中要做好充分的工作。在送花课程的备课中,教师应利用对比分析,分析两个国家不同场合送的花,背后的含义,花的数量表达的含义,预测出学生在学习有关知识中出现的困难点,最终做出解决方案。教师应课前查找相关资料,例如俄罗斯送鲜花时一定是单数的,偶数被视为不吉祥,只有给死者送花时才会用偶数;不同的场合送的鲜花、颜色不一样,含义不同,在葬礼中送双数的红色康乃馨;在迎接或欢送别人时通常送的是白色、黄色的菊花,俄罗斯人心中认为白色是雪,代表着纯洁,忠臣;红色代表着血与火的颜色。这些风俗与中国的往往相反,在中国粉色康乃馨主要送给母亲,粉色代表美丽、年轻、热爱;白色和黄色的菊花是通常出现在葬礼上,代表着对死去的人哀悼和思念。中国人在数字方面喜欢双数,不喜欢单数,反映出中国人喜欢对称的心理,也就有好事成双,双喜临门、成双成对等成语。了解后,教师在教学中应对学生讲解课文中中俄不同的文化,让学生在学习过程中有全面的了解,减少学生在学习过程中因文化差异产生的困惑,降低学生学习的积极性,影响课程的教学效果。老师两次收花的经历,反映出这位教师在异文化中出现了文化休克的现象。该教师在初次收到黄白菊花感到不舒服,从这位教师的心理活动“这,这,这......是送给活人的吗”。可以得知这位教师出现了跨文化交际障碍的认识上的误区和母语文化的思维定势。以及拒绝将菊花放入房间的行为,等助理再一次询问时才不情愿的将菊花带回房间,每次看到菊花心理都不舒服的心理。在面对这些情况下这位教师采用了大多数人在异文化中所使用的策略——对不确定因素的回避。在跨文化交际中,或进入非母语环境中人们通常都会经历:蜜月阶段、挫折阶段、调整阶段、适应阶段。这位教师在俄罗斯初次收到菊花的失落和不舒服,正是处于文化的挫折阶段。与之相反的是教师在第二次收到白色菊花时,是欣然地接受。可以看出这位教师在俄罗斯的生活中通过自我调整与了解,正在慢慢地适应了这一文化风俗。但,该老师在第一次收到花,不情愿把花放进房间的做法是不正确的。一位优秀的合格对外汉语教师在跨文化的交际中,必须不断提醒自己,人们有着不同的文化背景,迥异的习俗;必须学会观察(下转第190页)

  视界观

  OBSERVATIONSCOPEVIEW育赛事还有很长一段路要走,项目众多并不意味着赛事就能发展的好。从体育项目到体育赛事还需要经历一系列的过程,比如竞赛规则的制定、赛制的形成、动作的评判标准、赛事的组织开展等内容。因此,可以选择少数民族传统体育项目中的观赏性、竞技性、规则性较强的项目,深挖项目背后民族特色与人文价值,打造出一两个体育赛事品牌,并通过赛事品牌的激励作用,促进广西少数民族民间体育赛事的持续发展,(二)建立行业协会,明确主体责任当政府不在居于广西少数民族民间体育赛事组织的主体地位之后,赛事的举办必须明确新的组织核心,在组织核心的引导下,完成赛事的组织工作,并确认其他相关部门的工作职责,而这个组织核心非体育行业协会莫属了。吴宝升、易剑东等研究指出“无论是为达到协同治理的最佳效果,还是契合当代中国具体国情的需要,我国民间体育赛事协同治理都需要体育行业协会作为枢纽型组织发挥作用。”[4]因此,广西少数民族民间体育赛事要想更好的发展,建立行业协会,并通过行业协会明确各相关组织的主体责任就势在必行。在建立行业协会时可以将熟悉传统体育项目的运动员、有威望的老者、熟悉赛事组织与开展的各方面人才纳入进来,确保行业协会具有权威性。(三)学习先进经验,提升办赛水平针对广西少数民族民族体育赛事举办者办赛经验不足的作者简介:王德彬(1986-),男,四川宜宾人,广西师范大学漓江学院传媒学院,讲师,硕士,主要从事文化遗产保护与开发的研究。参考文献:[1]李延超,虞重干.民族民间体育赛事研究的定位、内容及实施[J].体育科学,2011(3):22-29.[2]陈炜,钟学进,张露露.基于地域分类的桂滇黔少数民族传统体育文化资源开发研究[J].社会科学家,2013(5):76-81.[3]杨光,南尚杰,李松洋.我国群众体育赛事治理困境与优化策略[J].体育文化导刊,2019(8):59-64.[4]吴宝升,易剑东.从分散治理到协同治理:我国民间体育赛事治理走向分析[J].体育与科学,2020(3):72-78. 问题,赛事的举办者如体育行业协会可以向办赛经验的赛事组织者学习。如到民间体育赛事开展较好的发达地区学习办赛经验,尤其是要学习如何开展赛事的市场化运作以及如何保持赛事的吸引力和持久生命力方面的经验。也可借鉴官方赛事举办的经验,如在广西少数民族传统体育运动会举办期间,鼓励运动员积极参与,赛事组织者参与学习,既学习官方赛事的举办经验,又要注意找到民间赛事的特色,要与官方赛事有所不同,切实提升办赛水平。(上接第188页)异国文化,善于与自己的本国文化对比,逐步地提高自己的跨文化意识,也需要教师充分利用移情能力,在尊重对方文化的基础上求同存异,互相沟通。因为每一个国家的主流文化都是社会历史发展的结果,它具有一定的时代性和历史性,是该民族智慧的结晶,我们应该尊重不同的文化,反对文化的沙文主义,秉承文化的相对主义。笔者认为第一次遇到这样的情况下,可以委婉地对助理说,“我想将鲜花放到房间外面,因为我如果将这么漂亮的菊花放到我的房间,只有我一个人能够欣赏它的美丽,如果我把它放到了房间外面,那么将会有更多的人看到它的美丽,让这束鲜花的体现出了它的最大价值”这样既尊重他们国家的文化风俗,自己也不用在房间看到菊花,让自己不舒服。这位教师在第二次收到菊花的态度和委婉地拒绝将菊花带到中国的做法是值得我们去学习的,这位老师在考虑到了与学生们的对话情景是在聚会中,而不是在课堂的学习中,没有直接的指出学生的错误,以委婉的理由告诉学生不带菊花回中国的原因,这样的情景下保护了学生的面子观,也建立了健康良好的师生关系。最后这位教师在教学过程中,将文化教学融入到语言教学的随机应变也是值得我们对外汉语教师去学习的。刘询先生提出文化教学要为语言教学服务,要把文化只是转化为交际能力。在对外汉语文化的教学中,文化教学如何把握好“度”与“量”的问题,如何让学习者运用目的与思维进行交际等,是需要教师在课前的进行认真备课,真正你做到教学中文化190与语言“两条腿走路”。在教学技巧上做到“教学有法,教无定法,贵在得法”。在教学中遇到文化的差异时,教师要有包容的心态,要即使的和学生交流沟通,不应该回避这些问题。如果课堂上因所了解的知识有有限时,课后进行了解并在下一节课为学生们答疑解惑。总之,在跨文化教学中,由于文化的差异出现失误是在所难免的。作为一名对外汉语教师我们代表着中国人的形象,在日常的生活、课堂教学中更要注意自己言行举止。面对困难和挫折,我们应该积极应对、真诚沟通,用求同存异的态度去化解矛盾。同时,要想成为一名优秀的对外汉语教师,应从专业技能、职业道德、跨文化交际能力、跨文化适应能力等几个方面加以提高。有了厚实的淀积和良好的素质,才能和其他文化有效沟通,才能更好地传播中国文化。参考文献:[1]叶军.国际汉语教学案例分析与点评[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2015(3).[2]胡文仲.跨文化交际概论[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1999.11(2017.10重印).[3]刘询.《对外汉语教育学引论》[M].北京语言文化大学出版社,2000.[4]杨玉明.俄语中颜色词的象征意义[J],沈阳建筑大学学报(社会科学版),2006(10).

篇二:案例分析跨文化交际

  

  。

  案例分析

  CASESTUDY1:

  Whatbodylanguagetousetowardsacustomer,whenonthephone?"Atalocalrealestateagent’sofficeAlanisbehindthecustomerservicecounter.Heisonthephonedealingwithadifficultinquirywhenacustomerapproachesthecounter.Hekeepstalkingonthephoneandwhenthecustomersays,“Excuseme”.Hedoesnotlookupbutholdsahandupwithonefingerextended,indicationthathe’llbeoneminute."Thequestion-AsAlan’ssupervisor,whatwouldyousaytohimaboutthebodylanguageandmanaginghisresponsibilitiesforgreetingcustomersbothonthephoneandfacetoface??Imaginethatyouarethecustomer.Whenyouentertheoffice,thecustomerservicerepisonthephone.Youwait.Youtrytogethisattentionandheholdsuphishandwithafingerextendedasacknowledgementthatyou"rethere.Howdoyoufeel?Whatcouldtheclerk(Alan)havedonedifferentlytoensurethatallofhiscustomerswerebeingtakencareof?Hecould/shouldhavelookedup,smiledatyouandatleastnoddedagreeting.Ifhisconversationcontinuedtoolong,heshouldhavepolitelyplacedhiscalleronholdandinquiredastoyourneeds,askedsomeoneelsetoassistyouoradvisedyouhowlonghewouldbe.——IwouldsaythathehastobemorefriendlyandwelcomingtothecustomersandcouldpolitelytoldthepersononthephonetopleaseholdforamomentandthatheshouldbemoreenthusiasticabouthisjobCASE2:Aninternationalmarketerwantstosellpoliovaccinations,theywouldrequireatwo-stepacculturationprocess:1.Themarketermustobtainanin-depthpreventivemedicineandrelatedconcepts.2.Themarketermustdevisepromotionalstrategiesthatwillconvincethemembersofatargetmarkettohavetheirchildrenvaccinated.CASE3:

  Discussion…….

  V:Idon"tthinkitwillwork,Iinsistthatweshouldusethetraditionalway.

  Ba:Comeon,becreativegirl.

  S:BananaIsupportyouifyouusemeasacovergirl.

  Bi:Ok,Iagreewithyouexceptforcovergirl(pointtoS)

  E:Well,well,well..Sometimesrulescanbebroken.Italldependsonus——`Peoplehavelowlevelofstress?

  Peoplearemorerisk-taking?

  SometimesrulescanbebrokenBa:Howaboutputtingabigsizeposteronouterwall??

  E:Doesitwork??

  Bi:Maybewecanhaveatry.精选资料,欢迎下载。E:OK,maybe?DoesanyoneknowhowtomakethiskindofadbecauseIdon’tknow.Discussion——Conflictisnaturalandtobeexpected..Superordinatesmaysay“Idon"tknow”.CASE4:

  AwesternerinvitedaChinesegirltohavelunchandtakeatouraroundtheBritishParliament.Infact,thegirldidn"thavethelunchjustbecausewhenthewesterneraskedher"Areyouhungry?”,thegirlansweredno.Thentheydidn"thavelunchtogether.Thesecondtime,thegirlwasinvitedtoarestaurant,whenthehostaskedthesamequestion“Areyouhungry?”,sheanswered“notreally”.Thehostorderedalightmealforher.Q:whatistheculturalshock?Howtosolveit?Canyougiveyouranalysis?Themistake:

  Inthefirstsituation,thewesternerusedhisquestionasaninvitation.Thegirlunderstooditonlyasaquestion.AccordingtotheChinesetradition,themanshouldhaveinvitedhertolunchsincetheirappointmentwastohavelunchfirst.Inthesecondsituation,thewesternerusedhisquestionasaquestionratherthananinvitation.AccordingtotheChinesetradition,themanshouldhaveorderedplentyoffoodforthegirl.Conclusion:Thesamesentenceconcealeddifferentintentions.Peopleshouldtrytomakesenseofwhatitreallymeans.CASE5:ShaoBin,aChinesestudentstudyinginBritain,wasonceinvitedbyherBritishclassmateBraintohishousetocookaChinesemeal.HertwoChinesefriendswerealsoinvited.Theybusiedthemselvesinthekitchen,makingdumpingwhileBraindidsomethinginthegardenandhiswifesatonthesofareading.ShaoBinfeltalittleupsetforshethoughtthatboththehostandthehostessshouldoffertohelpwiththekitchenwork.Themealwasgreatandeveryoneenjoyedthemselves.Thecouplekeptcomplimentingthemontheircookingskillsandaskedfortherecipe.Butthenafterthemeal,thecouplejustputdowntheirchopsticksandstartedmindingtheirownbusiness,leavingtheChinesegueststoclearthetableanddothedishes.ShaoBinfeltabsolutelyconfusedorevenangry.Sheconcludedthat…….TheKeytotheQuestion:

  GueststoaChinesefamilywillneverbeallowedtodoanyhousework.Thisisoneofthewaysthehostandhostessshowtheirhospitality.Eveniftheguestsoffertocookadish,thehostorthehostessshouldstayaroundthemandofferhelpwhenevercan.Itisevenhardertoimaginethattheywouldlettheirguestsclearthetableanddothedishes,thoughtheguestsshouldalwaysvolunteertohelp.ShaoBin’smealataBritishfamilysetsagreatcontrasttoherChineseexperience.ThisiswhyShaoBingotangry.Whatsheshoulddoistoavoidahastyconclusion.She?

  精选资料,欢迎下载。shouldfirstobservethesituationwithoutjudgment.AndthenanalyzethesituationusingwhatsheknowsaboutthedifferencesbetweenChineseandBritishculture.

  CASE6:LisawasinvitedtoaChinsesfriend"shometohavedinner.Thehostesswasverykindandbusiedherselfinthekitchenmakingtastydishes,andthehostservedthedishesonthetableonebyone.Lisakeptfinishing

  allthefoodonherplate

  becauseshewishedtobepolite.Thatwasabigmistakebecauseshefoundherplaterefilledandmanymoredishesfollowing.Inthewest,evenifitwas

  aformaldinner,itwouldbeusuallyjustthreecourses:soup,maindish,anddessert.ButinChina,aninformaldinnerwouldhavefourdishesandasoup;aformaldinnerwouldhave

  atleasteightdishesandasoup.

  InBritain,hospitalityisnotmeasuredbyhowmanydishesareprovidedasinChina.Itisshown

  bygivingyoufreedomtochoose

  whateveryoureallywant.Theyneverpressyou.Theyneverputfoodonyourplatebutjustaskyoutohelpyourself.Ifyou,asaguest,areshyormodest,waitingforthefoodtobeputonyourplate,youwillremainhalf-starved.CASE7:DuringalunchbuffetataconferenceinChina,WuFa,theinterpreteroftheconference,satwithfourforeignparticipants.Theywerehavingagoodtimetalking.WhenWuFastoodupformorefood,sheaskedwhethershecouldbringanythingbackforthem.Everyonethankedherandsaid“no”.Awhilelater,WuFacamebackwithaplatefulloffood,andaskedwhethertheotherswouldliketohavesomethingfromherplate.Again,thefourotherssaid,“No”.“Oh,pleasetakesomething,Ican’teatthismuchfoodmyself.”

  Theforeignersshruggedandoneortwoofthemevenfrownedalittle.CASE8:

  WutongwasagraduatestudentinaChineseuniversity.Likemanystudentsthesedays,hewasverykeenonlearningEnglish.HewouldtalkwithEnglishspeakersasoftenashecould.Oneday,hesawanewforeigneroncampus,LeonardRamsay,andoverheardhimspeakingEnglish.WhenMr.Ramsayfinishedspeakingwiththeotherperson,heturnedtogo,butWuTongstoppedhim.Hewentupandsaid,“YouspeakEnglish,isthatright?”

  “Yes,why?”

  “I’dliketopractisemyEnglishwithyou,ifyoudon’tmind.”

  Mr.Ramsaylookedalittleannoyed.“Iprefernotto,ifyoudon’tmind.”

  CASE9:

  ABritishtouristgotlostinasmalltowninChina.AChinesecouplevolunteeredtooffertheirhelp.Andnowtheyareintroducingthemselves.

  ¨

  Britishtourist:Itwassonicetomeetyoubothhere.I’mSusanWilliams.Thankyouverymuch.

  ¨

  Chinesecouple:It’sapleasure.I’mLiFang,andthisismyhusband.Welcome精选资料,欢迎下载。toChina,MissSusan.

  ¨

  Britishtourist:Thankyou.Mrs.Li.Wouldbothofyoulikeacupofcoffee?

  ¨

  Chinesecouple:No,thanks.AnswerforReferenceTheBritishtouristthinksthatLiFang’ssurnameisherhusband’ssurname,sincesheisunawareofthefactinChinawomenstillusetheirownsurnamesaftermarriage.Lithinksthat“Miss”isarespectfultermofaddressforanyfemaleEnglishspeaker,butunawareofthefactthatinBritainitisnotusedbeforesomeone’sfirstname--Susan.Shealsomistakesthegivennameforthesurname.

  精选资料,欢迎下载。Welcome!!!欢迎您的下载,资料仅供参考!

  精选资料,欢迎下载

篇三:案例分析跨文化交际

  

  CaseStudy1AgeandStatus

  两位同事的矛盾使一家数据处理公司的总经理遇到了麻烦。一方是一位踌躇满志的法裔加拿大小伙子,另一方是一位有特许签证的年长的中国女性,而此前两人确实很好的合作伙伴…..

  Casedescription:Amanagerinadata-processingcompanywashavingdifficultydealingwithaconflictbetweenayoung,ambitiousFrenchCanadianmaleandhisco-worker,anolderChinesewomanwhowasonaspecialvisafromChina.Shehadrecentlybecomeuncooperativeandhadmadeitcleartothemanagerthatshewouldnotbewillingtotraveltothecapitalwithherco-workertoholddiscussionwithlegislatorsaboutanewproductwithgreatenthusiasm.

  Whenthemanageraskedherwhattheproblemwas,hereceivednoclearexplanation.Whenheaskedherco-worker,theyoungmanhadnoinsightstooffer.TheyoungFrenchCanadianwasclearlyannoyed,however,thattheChinesewomanwasrefusingtoshareherdatawithhim.Thatmeanthecouldn’tmakethepresentationtothelegislatorsbecauseshehadallthekeydataonhercomputerdisks.

  Themanagerrepeatedquestionstoherbuther“problem”gotnowhere.Sohechangedhisapproach.Hebeganexplaininghisconcerns,asmangerandasspokespersonforthecompany,abouttheupcomingmeetingwithlegislators.Hisexplanationabouthispositionwasunemotional.Inthatclimateshethenfeltshecouldexplainherposition.Sherevealedshefeltthatthatasanolder,andtohermind,moreseniorperson,sheshouldnotbesenttothecapitolwithayoungeremployeewhowoulddothepresentationofmaterialshehadworkedhardtodevelop.Thatwoulddiminishherstatus,shefelt.Thegeneralmangerknewtherootofhisheadache.

  Questions:

  1.Whatdoyouthinkcausedtheconflict?

  2.

  Whatwouldyoudotoresolvetheconflictifyouwerethegeneralmanager?

  矛盾冲突

  这位年长的中国女士投入极大的热情和精力开发产品.却在最后的关键时刻拒绝与年轻的同事一同去向议员做推介:当经理和同事问其原因.她并未做任何明确的回答:而当经理改变策略,不再直接询问原因,而是迂回地讲起自己的困境时,她才道出自己的顾虑。

  在这位资深年长的中国女士看来,同一位比她年轻的同事一同去国会,并且由对方来做推介会影响到她的地位和威信,因此她无法同意:

  原因分析

  造成这一矛盾的文化因素有两方面.对地位、年龄的不同态度以及这种不同的表达方式。人对权力的认识因文化背景的不同而不同。根据霍夫斯特的调查研究,“低权力距离”国家的人强调个人的能力和信用,人与人之间权利和关系的平等,而.”高权力距离”国家,如中国、日本、纬国,强调地位、经验、年龄、资历等,人与人之间存在级别差距;因此在这位年轻的加拿大人看来,在工作上他与这位女士是平等的合作伙伴,并没有地位的差别,自己也有能力参与项目并做最后报告。而在这位中国女士看来,以自己的年龄、资历、以及工作中的付出,与一个年轻人一同去国会,并且由对方来做报告对她来说是一件丢面子的事:

  另外.双方表达方式的不同也导致了矛盾的加深。根据霍尔的理论,加拿大是“低语境”国家,中国属于“高语境”文化国家,因此,当她的加拿大同事没有充分考虑到她所处的位置.而是直接问她原因时,这位中国女士采用了婉转回进的策略,没有直接说出自己的想法。而当经理改变方法迂回地说到自己的难处时,在这种语境下她才说出自己的顾虑。

  Lowpowerdistance"countryonindividualabilityandcredit,therelationshipbetweenrightsandequality,and."highpowerdistance"countries,suchasChina,Japan,weftkingdom,emphasizingthestatus,experience,age,qualifications,existinggapbetweenpeoplelevel

  。SointheyoungCanadianopinion,intheworkheandthewomanareequalpartners,andthedifferenceinnoposition,alsohastheabilitytoparticipateinprojectanddothelastreport.AndintheChinesewomenseemto,intheirownage,qualifications,andworkinpay,andayoungmantogethertocongress,andbyeachothertodothereportforherisaloseface:

  Outside.Bothsidesexpressingwaydifferentledtothedeepeningofcontradictions.Accordingtothetheoryofhall,Canadais"lowcontext"countries;Chinabelongsto"highcontext"culturecountries,

  文化沟通

  当与不同文化背景、年龄、地位的人进行跨文化交流合作时,我们应当充分了解对方价值观中对这些个人因素的看法,决策前应采用合适的方式进行有效的协商,以便避免和化解因文化背景、价值观不同引起的矛盾。本案例中的经理在理解她的难处之后,可以在全公司内正式的公布这位女士的工作成果,给予高度的认可.同时在议会的报告中也应体现出其工作的重要意义,使之得,得到应有的重视。

  Thiscaseofmanagerinunderstandingherdifficultyaftercaninallthecompanyreleasedwithintheformalthelady"swork,togivehighrecognition.Atthesametimeintheparliamentaryreportshouldreflectitsimportance,make,andgettheattentionitdeserves.

  CaseStudy2PraisingJapaneseinPublicWorkplaces(在工作场所当众表扬日本人)

  琼斯先生(美国经理)

  当众表扬苏琦木拓(日本员工)工作做得很棒,本以为苏琦木拓会高兴的接受,却不料…..

  Casedescription:

  American:Mr.Sugimoto,Ihavenoticedthatyouaredoinganexcellentjobontheassemblyline.Ihopethattheotherworkersnoticehowitshouldbedone.

  Japanese:(Heisuneasy).Praiseisnotnecessary.Iamonlydoingmyjob.(HehopesotherJapaneseworkersdonothear.)

  American:Youarethefinesse,mostexcellent,dedicatedworkerwehaveeverhadattheJonesCorporation.

  Japanese:(Heblushedandnodshisheadseveraltimes,andkeepsworking.)

  American:Well,areyougoingtosay“thankyou,”Mr.Sugimoto,orjustremainsilent?

  Japanese:Excuseme,Mr.Jones…MayItakeleaveforfiveminutes?

  American:Sure.(HeisannoyedandwatchedSugimotoexit).Ican’tbelievehowrudesomeJapaneseworkersare.Theyseemtobedisturbedbypraiseanddon’tansweryou…justsilent.

  Questions:

  WhywastheconversationbetweenMr.JonesandMr.Sugimotonotsopleasant?

  Whydidtheyhavesuchdifferentreactionstowardspraisinginpublicworkplaces?

  IfyouwereMr.Sugimoto,wouldyouacceptpraisefromMr.Jonesinpublicworkplaces?

  IfwereMr.Jones,howwouldyoudealwiththesituationmoreappropriately?

  分析

  矛盾冲突

  从对话中可以看出,琼斯先生认为在其他工人面前表扬苏奇木拓先生是对他工作的肯定.也是对他个人的认可,苏奇木拓先生应该高兴地接受,不必遮遮掩掩不好意思,更不应该一句话不说就走了。但琼斯先生只是从美国强调个人的概念出发,却不熟悉日本人是如何看待个人和集体的关系,不知道如何向日本同事表示欣赏和赞扬.结果适得其反。琼斯先生和苏奇木拓交流失败的原因主要在于都对双方的文化了解不深,特别是双方对个人与集体关系的看法不同。

  原因分析

  在霍夫斯特的“个体取向与集体取向”53个国家和地区的列表中美国排在第一位.而日本排在22位,这意味着美国是非常强调个人主义的国家,而日本更注重的是集体。在美国鼓励个人创断,提倡竟争.个人会因业绩优异而受到上司表扬,这是一种典型的美国式做法。特别是如果在同事面前受到表扬,个人会觉得很自豪,因为成绩得到了上级的认可,同时也在同事中间表现了自己,实现了

  自我价值。在美国,受到表扬的人往往会说“谢谢”’以作回答。TheUnitedStatesisverystressedindividualismcountry,andJapanaremorefocusedontheircollective.IntheUnitedStatesencouragesindividualcreative,advocatingcompetition.Individualwillandexcellentperformancebybossforpraise,thisisakindoftypicalAmericanpractices.Especiallyifinfrontofmycolleagueshavebeenpraised,peoplewillfeelveryproud,becausetheresultsobtainedsuperiorapprobate,andalsoinamongcolleaguesshowed,realizetheegovalue.IntheUnitedStates,whopraisedwilloftensay"thankyou"toanswer".所以案例中的琼斯先生认为苏奇木拓先生也应该以这样的方式接受表扬。出乎他意抖的是,那位受到表扬的日本工人对他的表扬感到不安,没把表扬当回事:美国经理接着用更肯定的语气维续表扬他,如用英语中的最高级形容词“最优秀的”、“最杰出”、‘最勤奋”等等。使他更吃惊的是:他的这番赞扬之词使那位日本工人更1危脸,脸一下红了起来,只是理头干活.不再言语,仅仅点了两下头。对于这样的回答或拒绝表扬.美国经理实在是无法理解,也无法忍受这种沉默不语,于是直截了当地向他发问道:“你打算说声谢谢呢,还是要选择继续保待沉默呢?”责备他表现“没礼貌”。Themanagerwasunabletounderstand,alsocan"tstandforthesilent,thentostraightouthehairasked:"areyougoingtosay?Thankyou,ortochoosetocontinuethestaysilent?"Blamehimtoshow"rude".他所不知的是,日本是典型的集体主义国度,在日本个人要忠实于集体,集体内部的成员要团结一致不倾向于突出个人业绩.而是强调集体协作。所以当苏奇木拓先生在同事面前受到表扬时,非常地局促不安.只是低头干自己的事情,甚至要求要离开五分钟,没有正面给琼斯先生任何答复.因为他觉得这样把他和所属的集体分离开了.使他在同事面前失去了面子。另一方面.美国经理由于对日本文化特点的无知,公开表扬不仅把那位日本工人弄得无言以答,而且会失去在其他日本工人对他的尊敬。Japanistypicalofcollectivesocialistcountry,inJapaneseindividualshouldbefaithfultothecollective,themembersofthecollectivetointernalunitydon"ttendtooutstandingindividualperformance.Butemphasizethecollectivecooperation.SowhenSuJiMuMrExtensioninfrontofmycolleagueswhenpraisedveryillatease.Justdotheirownthingsdown,evenwanttoleavefiveminutes,nopositiveforMrJonesanyreply.Becausehefeltthatheandthesubordinatetothecollectiveisolates.Tohisinfrontofmycolleagueslostface.Ontheotherhand.ThemanagerbecauseofJapaneseculturecharacteristicsofignorance,publicpraisenotonlytheJapaneseworkersmakecouldanswer,andwillloseintheotherJapaneseworkerstohisrespect.

  从对话中也可以看出苏奇木拓先生不接受当众表扬,却只是保持沉默,甚至要走开,没有把他的不满当众表达出来。这样的行为使得琼斯先生认为日本员工不礼貌。这一交际失致和日美两国交流方式不同有很大关系。根据霍尔(Hail)的“高语境”和”低语境”理论,日本是典型的高语境国家,交流方式含蓄委婉,不会轻易在众人面前表达不满,会更多的依赖于非言语交流."Highcontext"and"lowcontext"theory,Japanistypicalhighcontextcountries,communicationimplicativetactful,noteasilyinthepresenceofallexpressdiscontent,willbemoredependenton

  non-verbalcommunication.如苏奇木拓先生不作回答保持沉庆,只是干自己的工作,以此表示对当众表扬的不满。而美国属于”低语境”国家,习惯直接的语言交流方式,.AndtheUnitedStatesbelongsto"lowcontext"countries,usedtodirectlanguagecommunication当苏奇木拓先生显得不安时,球斯先生却说“你打算说谢谢呢,还是要选择沉默?”。当苏奇木拓先生要求离开时,琼斯先生就认为没有任何回答就离开是不礼貌的。

  文化沟通

  双方应该对彼此的文化有所了解,应该清楚两种文化对个人的不同看法和不同的交流方式.不要总是从自己的出发点看问题。琼斯先生应该知道最好不要当众表扬某个日本人,而是应该私下单独表扬,或者会开表扬某个集体或团队;要清楚日本人的交流方式比较委婉间接,为了集体的和谐他们通常不会在公开场合表示不满。而苏奇木拓先生也应该了解美国时个人的重视,公开表扬个人是对他能力的认可;美国人更喜欢直接的语言交流,有什么想法要说出来,而不是要保持沉默或是回避Bothsidesshouldunderstandthecultureforeachother,shouldbeclearthattwokindsofcultureonpersonaldifferentviewsanddifferentwayofcommunication.Don"talwayslookatproblemsfromtheirstartingpoint.MrJonesshouldknowbetternotpraiseinpublicaJapanese,butshouldpraisealone,orwillopenpraiseacollectiveorteam;WanttobeclearabouttheJapanesewayofcommunicationmoretactfulindirectly,totheharmonyofcollectivetheyusuallydon"tpubliclyexpresseddissatisfaction.AndSuJiMuMrShouldknowtheextensionoftheindividualattentionwhen,publicpraiseforhispersonalabilityistheapproval;Americanspreferdirectlanguageexchange,havewhatideatosay,butnottoremainsilentoravoid

  Case3ABritishGeneralManagerinThailand英国总经理在泰国

  一位英国总经理来到泰国上任,到任之初,没想到使用什么样的车上班这个小问题给他带来了不小的烦恼…….

  Casedescription:

  ABritishgeneralmanageruponarrivalinThailandrefusedtotakehispredecessor’scar.TheThaifinancemanageraskedthenewGMwhattypeofMercedeshewouldlike,then,TheGMaskedforaSuzukioraMini,anythingthatcouldbehandledeasilyinthecongestedtrafficinBangkok.

  ThreeweekslatertheGMcalledthefinancemangerandaskedaboutprospectsforthedeliveryofhiscar.TheThailosthisreserveforamomentandexclaimed:“wecangetyouanewMercedesbytomorrow,butSuzukitakemuch,muchlonger.”TheGMaskedhimtoseewhathecoulddotospeeduptheprocess.AfterfourweekstheGMaskedtoseethepurchaseorderforthecar.Thepurchasingdepartmentrepliedthat,becauseitwouldtakesolongtogetasmallcar,theyhaddecidedtoorderaMercedes.

  TheGM’spatiencehadrunout.Atthefirstmanagementmeetinghebroughttheissueupandaskedforanexplanation.Somewhatshyly,thepredominantlyThaimanagementteamexplainedthattheycouldhardlycometoworkonbicycle.

  Questions:

  WhydidtheGMhavedifficultiesingettingaSuzukiorMini?

  Whydidthemanagementteamsaytheycouldhardlycometoworkonbicycle?

  原因分析

  泰国是等级观念很强的国家.泰国传统文化价值观的核心,如家长制、权威索拜,等级观念等是人们日常行为所公认的准则,甚至是一种“生活方式”人们认为社会等级制度时人有好处.所以不会向社

  会等级制度挑战。泰国的社会生活强调等级观念,依赖于等级关系。而在公司等社会机构中,强调正式的组织结构,各个等级保持一定的稳定性。Thailandishierarchystrongcountry.Thailandtraditionalculturalvaluesofthecore,suchasthepatriarchalsystem,andtheauthorityandworship,levelistheconceptofthepeopledailybehaviorofacceptedstandards,orevena"lifestyle"peoplethinksocialhierarchysystempeoplehavegood.Sowillnotgiveintothesocialhierarchychallenge.Thailand"semphasisonsociallifehierarchy,relyonhierarchyrelationship.Andinthecompanyandothersocialorganizations,emphasizesformalorganizationstructure,eachlevelmaintaincertainstability.因此,在本案例中,最后泰国职员的解释是,如果总经理的用车降低水准,公司所有职员的用车要整体降级,Thegeneralmanagerofthelowerlevelfruittransport,thecompanyallstafftransporttothewholedowngraded,最终有些职员必须要骑自行车上班,而这是他们不愿也无法做到的。在英国文化的价位观中,权力之间的距离很小.具体工作之外,人们之间是平等的,公司中的领导者用车是为了工作,为了提高的业绩,因此英国经理看来.交通工具的选用是为了提高工作效率.每个人都有选择的自由,自己选用什么样的车与公司其他人无关。InBritishcultureontheprice,thedistancebetweenthepowerissmall.Thespecificworkoutside,betweenpeopleisequal,theleaderisinordertotransportthework,inordertoimprovetheperformance,soBritainthemanagerlooked.Traffictoolsinordertoimprovetheworkefficiencyischoose.Everyonehasthefreedomofchoice,oneselfchoosewhatkindofcarcompanyhasnothingtodowithothers.

  文化沟通

  本案例中,如果英国经理坚持一意孤行,很容易引起泰国员工的集体反感,会有被架空的危险。在跨国组织中,遇到这种情况应从实际环境,即地理环境及当地文化习俗,占主导成员的文化背境出发,考虑大多数人的习惯和意见,做出不影响团队成员工作积极性和工作业绩的决策

  case4怎样理解微笑?

  微笑是友好的表示,理应得到友好的回应。但是,向别人道歉时微笑是否显得适当?不同国家的人有不同的理解。处理不当,很可能带来意想不到的结果……

  Casedescription:

  PeteristhegeneralmanagerofanAmericancompanyinChina.Recently,JunChen,oneoftheChinesemanagersmadeamistakeatworkthatcausedsomedifficultiesthatrequiredalotofefforttofix.JunChenwasveryupsetaboutwhathadhappened,andcametoPeter’sofficetomakeaformalapology.JunChenwentintoPeter’sofficeafterbeingtoldto,smilingbefore

  hespoke.“Peter,I’vebeenfeelingveryupsetaboutthetroubleI’vecausedforthecompany.I’mheretoapologizeformymistake.I’mterriblysorryaboutitandIwantyoutoknowthatitwillneverhappenagain.”JunChensaid,lookingatPeterwiththesmilehehadbeenwearingsincehewalkedintotheoffice.Peterfoundithardtoaccepttheapology.HelookedatJunChen,andasked,“areyousure?”

  “Yes,I’mverysorryandIpromisethiswon’thappenagain,”JunChensaid,withasmileevenbroaderthanbefore.

  “I’msorryIjustcan’ttakeyourapology.Youdon’tlooksorryatall!”Petersaidangrily.

  JunChen’sfaceturnedveryred.HedidnotintheleastexpectPetertotakeitnegatively.Hewasdesperatetomakehimselfunderstood.“Peter,”hemanagedtosmileagain,“trustme,noonecanfeelanymoresorrythanIdoaboutit.”

  Peterwasalmostfuriousbynow,“Ifyou’rethatsorry,howcanyoustillsmile?”

  Questionsfordiscussion”

  WhydidJunChenwearasmilewhenhemadetheapology?

  DoyouthinkitisreasonablethatPeterbecamesoangrywithJunChen?Why?

  Whatarethedifferentinterpretationsforasmilebythetwointhissituation?

  矛盾冲突

  本案例所体现的矛盾非常明显,是由于胶体语言使用的文化差异而导致的误解。不同文化对于微笑的理解是不同的。尤其是在道歉这种特殊的语境下。陈军向彼得道谦时,尽力微笑着说话以显示礼貌和诚意,而对于彼得来说,这种情况下微笑是不尊重的表砚,也是缺乏诚意的表现。Thiscasethatembodiestheveryobviouscontradiction,isbecausethecolloiduseoflanguageculturaldifferencesandleadtomisunderstandings.Differentcultureforsmileofunderstandingisdifferent.Especiallyinthecontextofthisspecialandapologize.HowellwaytoPeterWilliams,tryingtosmiletospeaktoshowcourtesyandsincerity,andforPeterspeaking,thissituationisnotrespectwatchsmileyanping,alsoisthelackofsincerityoftheperformance.

  原因分析

  当陈军表达完自己的歉意时,脸上的笑容使彼得怀提他是否真心感到抱歉,以至于看着他追问了一句:”你确定吗?”。此时陈军并未意识到他们之间的交流已经由于自己错误使用胶体语言而产生了问题,笑容更加明显地答到自己确实感到很抱歉并保证不会再犯同样的错误。彼得非常气愤的表示不能接受他的道歇,这是令陈军万万没有想到的.彼得的反应也让他颇为不解,只能急忙为自己辩解.但仍不忘保持脸上的微笑,可想而知.陈军的行为非但不能消除误解.取得彼得的访解,反而进一步火上浇油,激怒了彼得。

  在跨文化交流中,对肢体语言使用和理解的差异往往会导致许多问翅。肢体语言包括手势,身势.服饰.音调高低,微笑,沉默,副语言,对时间的不同观念及空间的使用等。笑容一般传达的是愉悦和友好的感情,可以表示欢迎、原谅、赞同、没有敌意等等。在此案例中,对于中国人陈军来说,微笑不仅仅只是快乐和友好的表示,也传递道歉与谅解的信息。同时由于中国人习惯用面部来遮掩感情,陈军也有借微笑掩饰自己的不安和歉疚的习惯。而对于美国人,这种做法并不能被接受。微笑削弱了道歉的诚意.美国人强调真实直接的表达情感,内心感情与外在表砚的统一。所以他们认为当一个人内心感到愧疚而致歉时,是不可能面带笑容的.否则只能说明道歉的真诚性值得怀疑。Incross-culturalcommunication,ofbodylanguageuseandunderstandthedifferencesoftenledtomanyaskedwings.Bodylanguageincludinggestures,bodymovements.Dress.Toneheight,smiling,silent,vicelanguage,aboutthetimeof

  conceptionandtheuseofspace,etc.Generalcommunicateischeerfulsmileandfriendlyaffection,cansaywelcome,forgive,agreewith,nohostile,andsoon.Inthiscase,totheChineseforhowell,smilenotjusthappyandfriendly,andsaidtheinformationtransferapologizeandunderstanding.AtthesametimebecausetheChineseusedtofacetocoverfeelings,howellalsohaveborrowsmilehidehisagitationandthehabitofguilt.ForanAmerican,thiskindofpracticeandcannotbeaccepted.Smileweakentheapologyofsincerity.Americanemphasisonrealdirectexpressfeelings,emotionsandexternaltableinkstoneunity.Sotheythinkthatwhenapersonfeelguiltywhenexcuse,isimpossibletosmiling.Otherwisecanexplainthesincereapologysexualsuspect.

  There"sanoldChinesesaying"stretchedouthishandandnotdozensmilingface,

  文化沟通

  要避免跨文化交际中产生由胶体语言使用不当而造成交流上的障碍和误解,解决本案例中出现的类似问题,必须提前了解对方国家的文化,了解同样的肢体语言在对方国家中是否有着同样的意义.尤其是对方文化中涉及礼节礼仪的方面有何禁忌和特别之处。切不能想当然的套用自己文化中肢体语言的含义,否则就可能出现本案例中得尴尬情况。

  Case5WhyWasHisAnswerNotRelatedtotheQuestion?为何他答非所问?

  飞利浦照明公司的一位美国经理和一位颇具发展潜力的中国员工谈话,但这位中国员工总是答非所问,美国经理甚是疑惑……

  Casedescription:

  AnAmericanmanagerofhumanresourceinPhilipslighteningcompanytalkedwithaChineseemployeewithgreatpotential.TheAmericanmanagerwantedtoknowthedevelopmentdesignandthepositiontheemployeewantstogetinthecompany.ButtheChineseemployeedidnotanswerthequestiondirectly;insteadheonlytalkedaboutthecompany’sfuturedirection,promotionsystemandhiscurrentposition.Hetalkedforalongtime,butdidnotgiveadefiniteanddirectanswer.Themanagerwaspuzzledandannoyed,becausethesamesituationhasoccurredseveraltimes,Later,themanagercomplainedtoanotherhumanresourcemanager,Mr.Jia,“Ionlywantedtoknowtheemployee’sworkingplaninthenext5yearsandthepositionhewantstogetinthecompany,butwhyIcannotgetaclearanswer?”.TheChineseemployeealsocomplainedtoMr.Jia.,“WhyareAmericanssoaggressive?”Asthehumanresourcemanagerinamultinationalcompany,Mr.Jiaknowsthatadifferentmannerincommunicationbringsaboutmisunderstandings.Sohedidbesttoexplaintothetwosides,butitisnoteasytoreducetheobstaclebetweenthem.

  Questionfordiscussion:

  WhydidtheChineseemployeenotgiveaclearanddefiniteanswer?

  WhatstereotypedidtheChineseemployeefromtowardsAmerican?

  HowcanMr.Jiaeffectivelysolvetheawkwardsituation?

  矛盾冲突

  这是一个体现东西方人际交流方式差异的案例。在这个案例中,文化冲突体现在:来自美国的人力资源经理看好一个中国雇员,因此和该雇员谈话,想知道他对自己的职业发展规划以及期望得到什么职位。而令他不解和恼怒的是,该雇员避而不谈该回答的问题却大谈公司的未来发展、晋升和他目前的职位。结果是两人都在背后互相抱怨,美国人认为中国雇员太虚伪,而中国雇员也认为美国人太直接、坦率、咄咄通人。AmericansbelievethatChineseemployeestoohypocritical,andChineseemployeesalsothinkAmericanstoodirect,frankly,ourveryaggressive.

  原因分析

  该案例中的一方是美国人,而那位员工是中国人。产生这样糟糕结果的一个主要原因是中美两国在人际交流方式上,具体来说是在回答问题的方式上,存在巨大差异,而当事双方却并没意识到这一点。这种文化差异体现在中国文化注重维护群体和谐的人际交流环境,而美国丈化则注重创造一个强调坚持个性的人际交流环境。

  如果这位中国员工从正面直接回答了人力资源经理的问题。比如.中国员工回答:”…

  …

  想在五年之内做到营销部经理的职位。”按照中国人的传统心理,这样的回答违反了中国人一向谦应、委婉的心理习惯,太直接反而暴露出自己很有野心并高傲自大的缺陷,而谦虚可以给自己留有后路,万一做不到那个理想的位子,也不至于丢面子.被人笑话。尽于这位中国员工可能心里对未来有着宏伟的蓝图.但是他所处的文化背景主张克制情绪和情感。因此他在回答美国上司的问题时,没有直接说出自己的想法.而是谈了很多与公司未来发展有关的事,在他看来自己的做法是完全符合社会规范的,是谦虚的表砚,并且认为将自己的未来与公司的未来紧密相连有利于保持组织的和谐。这在中国人看来是再正常不过的了,直截了当地说出自己的薪水目标或是职位目标反而会被认为是具有野心的表砚。此外,中国人评价一个人,往往是清他究竟做了什么,而不是看他说了什么。ThecaseofthepartyisAmerican,andthestaffisChinese.HavethisbadresultsofoneofthemainreasonsisthatChinaandtheUnitedStatesonthewayininterpersonalcommunications,specificallyisthewaytoanswerquestions,therearelargedifferences,andbothpartiesbutdidn"trealizethis.TheseculturaldifferencesreflectedinChineseculturepaysattentiontomaintenancegroupharmoniousinterpersonalcommunicationenvironment,andtheUnitedStatestheculturalfocusesoncreatingaitputsemphasisontheindividualcharacterofinterpersonalcommunicationenvironment.

  IftheChineseemployeesdirectlyfromthefrontofthehumanresourcesmanageransweredthequestion.Forexample.Chineseemployeesanswer:"......thinkinfiveyearsdotheMarketingDepartmentmanagerposition."AccordingtoChinesetraditionalpsychological,suchanswerviolationof

  theChinesepeoplehavealwaysmodest,thepsychologicalhabitsshouldbeeuphemism,toodirectexposedhimselfinsteadwasveryambitiousandarroganceofthedefect,andmodestcangivehisleftposterior,onethousandcan"tdotheidealseat,willnotloseface.Belaughedat.TrytotheChineseemployeesmaybetheinthemindtothefuturehasagrandblueprint.Butheispartoftheculturebackgroundadvocatesrestraintmoodsandemotions.Soheansweredintheboss"sproblem,notdirectlyspeakhismind.Buttalkedalotaboutthecompany"sfuturedevelopmentand,inhisviewitisfullycomplywiththesocialnorms,ismodesttableinkstones,andthatwillbetheirfutureandthefutureofthecompanyiscloselyconnectedtokeeporganizationalharmony.ThisintheChinesepeopleisnormalbutagain,straightfromtheshouldertosayhissalaryobjectsorpositiongoalbutwillisconsideredtobeaambitionswatchinkstones.Inaddition,theChineseevaluationaperson,oftenistheclearwhatwashedoing,exactly,andnotatwhathesaid.不论他把自己的理想、抱负描绘得何等宏伟;也不论他把自己的能力,素质说得如何天花乱坠.如果最后他做不到,这一切都只能成为别人的笑柄;美国人一向很直接明了,这也是他们一贯的思维方式。Americanshavealwaysverydirectandclear,thisistheirusualwayofthinking.从美籍经理询问这位员工时于自己未来五年发展的打算,即想要在飞利浦做到什么样的职位可以看出,美国人注重个人在企业的发展状况。通过个人才华的施展和势力来取得企业的辉辉煌和达到理想目标。这也许与美国一贯提倡的个人主义有着莫大关系。他们重独立、多坦率,等级和身份观念淡薄,认为追求个人的利益是天经地义、无可厚非的,他们对中国式的重礼仪、身份和多委婉,却视为假装和缺乏真诚。美国文化提倡大胆直接表露自己想法。Americanspayattentiontoindividualinthedevelopmentoftheenterprise.ThroughtheindividualtalentandtogettheirpoweroftheenterpriseissplendidandtoachievetheidealtargetFraser.ThismayandAmericanadvocatesfortheindividualismhasgreatrelationship.Theyheavyindependent,outspoken,levelandidentityconceptlight,arguedthatthepursuitoftheinterestoftheindividualisperfectlyjustified,understandable,theirChineseheavytoetiquette,identityandmoretactful,butaspretendandlackofsincerity.TheAmericancultureadvocatedirecttorevealhisboldideas.在该案例中,美国的人力资源经理认为直截了当地说出自己的期望和要求并无不妥.反而是真诚和自信的表现,有利于中国员工实现人生的成功。相反,中国人习惯委婉的表达方式,直接说出自己的要求会显得不礼貌和磨突,他对于美国人的直白也很是不满。

  文化沟通

  由于谈话的不愉快使得美国经理和中国雇员都对彼此颇有微词,虽然美国经理的本意是想通过谈话了解这位中国雇员对于自己事业发展的规划,今后适时可能提拔他。值得一提的是,案例中的另一名人力资源主管贾先生已意识到两人相互误解的原因,并试图向两人解释,但是收效甚微,问题的关键是在于这两位当事人。

  但是如果有一个了解双方文化的中间人适当做出解释.应当是可以化解甚至是化解文化冲突的。Thekeytotheproblemisthetwoparties.Butifthereisacultureofappropriatetothemiddlementoexplain.Shallbeeasedevenresolveculturalconflict.既然身处于一个国际化的大公司里,必然会面对有若不同文化背景的员工,如果想当然地认为所有人都与自己有若相同的价值观念和社会准则,那肯定是大错特错。因此首先必须培养文化教感性,意识到文化的差异性.这对于美国人和中国人都同样重要:

  只有了解了不同文化的基本状况,人们才能在与有着不同文化背景的人交往时保持宽容,而不是一概否定、批评。本案例中的中美双方当事人由于对对方的文化缺乏必要了解,因此在发生冲突时就缺乏宽容和耐心。

  "Youhavetounderstandthebasicsituationofdifferentcultures,peoplecanhavedifferentculturalbackgroundandthosewhomtheybetolerant,notdeny,criticism.Inthiscasethebothpartiesbecauseofthelackofnecessarytoknoweachother"sculture,soinconflictislackoftoleranceandpatience.

  Thepropersolution.First,theenterprisestaffcanacceptthelocalcultureinhostcountriesthebaptismandrelatedallkindsofinterculturalcommunicationtraining.Orthehostcountrycompanydirectlyforforeignstaffwakeaperiodoftimetraining;Second,theenterpriseshouldstrivetobuildtheirownculture,calendaryear,tomakeeverystafffusiontoenterprisecultureinside.Because,usuallythekindofculturehasastronginclusivenessandfusionpower.Fromthecasescansee,AmericanvicePresidentandChineseemployeesintheenterprise"sculturecan"tfindconsensus;Third,asvicePresident,shouldbeforgivingattitudetodealwithculturalconflict,slowlytoandstaffcommunication,ratherthana"impatiently"orcomplain;Fourth,throughthethirdpartyoftheadjustmentandtheexplanation,makecleartheproblem,unlockthevicePresidentandChineseemployeesofthedoubtsandcontradictionbetween.

篇四:案例分析跨文化交际

  

  材料:中国学生王兰去美国留学,她到美国发现,老师的穿着比较随便,上课的时候经常坐在桌子上。老师上课时很少自己讲授而是提出问题让同学们讨论,作报告。她的美国同学也不像中国学生对老师那样尊重,不但直呼其名甚至会和老师争论的面红耳赤。王兰对老师的教学方法非常不适应,轮到她作报告时她经常觉得非常不好意思,因为老师和同学总是盯着她的眼睛看她。在讨论时她的美国同学经常要提出问题,甚至和她争论。这让她觉得她的美国同学对她有敌意,很不友好。

  答:总体来说,该材料所反映的是由于中西文化差异而产生的文化冲突,并出现跨文化交际

  的障碍,造成跨文化交际的失败。

  一、问题1:认识上的误区。不同文化背景的人在交际过程中最容易犯的一个毛病是误

  以为对方与自己没什么两样。中国学生王兰去美国留学,她到美国发现,老师的穿着比较随便,上课的时候经常坐在桌子上。老师上课很少自己讲

  授而是提出问题让学生们讨论、作报告。

  分析1:王兰认为,在中国教师表现出为人师表的形象,庄重,严肃,言谈举止中常带

  有教师的尊严,从着装上也比较讲究传统,正派,师生关系相对比较融洽,但

  是界线比较清楚,课堂纪律严明,要求学生认真听讲,认真记,老师提问,学

  生回答,学生不会主动回答问题或者自由发表自己对某个问题的看法。这是由

  于王兰把中国的文化规范误认为是他人也接受的文化规范。正是因为这样,加

  上缺乏跨文化意识和跨文化交际的经验,所以出现认识上的误区这一障碍。

  解决1:认为别人与自己大致相同的想法十分自然,但是对于跨文化交际来说是有害的。

  在进行跨文化交际的过程中,必须不断提醒自己人们有着不同的文化背景,迥

  异的习俗。必须学会观察异国文化,善于与自己的文化对比,才能逐步提高自

  己的跨文化意识。

  二、问题2:民族中心主义。她的美国同学也不像中国学生对老师那样尊重,不但直呼其名

  甚至会和老师争论的面红耳赤。

  分析2:所谓民族中心主义就是按照本民族文化的观念和标准去理解和衡量其他民族文

  化中的一切。王兰觉得中国“尊师重道”的行为规范才是正确师生关系的表现。

  而美国学生的直呼其名和与老师争论是不尊重老师的表现,这是出于民族中心

  主义而对其他民族文化进行不准确的概括所形成的“文化成见”的影响。

  解决2:尊重不同文化,这是对待任何一种文化应有的最基本的态度。各民族文化尤其

  是主流文化,都反映该民族的历史和特点,是其民族智慧的结晶。美国学生如

  此表现并不像王兰所认为的那样不尊重老师,而是在美国文化中崇尚个人的“独

  立”“自由”精神,美国师生关系讲求的是一种自由平等的交流方式,进而营造

  出轻松愉悦的课堂气氛。

  三、问题3:文化休克。王兰对老师的教学方法非常不适应,轮到她作报告时她经常觉得非

  常不好意思,因为老师和同学总是盯着她的眼睛看她。在讨论时她的美国同学

  经常要提出问题,甚至和她争论。这让她觉得她的美国同学对她有敌意,很不

  友好。

  分析3:文化休克指在非本民族环境中生活或学习的人,由于文化冲突和不适应而产生

  的深度焦虑的精神症状。王兰对老师的教学方法非常不适应,而且觉得周围的美

  国同学对她有敌意,很不友好。这正是由于进入另一个文化环境在学习生活中带

  来的一系列有负面影响的事件,而在心理上产生焦虑,在情绪上不安定,甚至沮

  丧。

  解决3:理解与适应目的语文化。尊重其他民族文化是第一步,对跨文化交际所面对的编辑版word

  文化,或新的生活环境中整日接触的异文化以及正在学习的目的语文化,仅仅从态

  度上尊重是不够的,因为这是必须接触和运用的文化,需要进一步主动理解该文化,尝试适应它。

  (此文档部分内容来源于网络,如有侵权请告知删除,文档可自行编辑修改内容,供参考,感谢您的配合和支持)

  编辑版word

篇五:案例分析跨文化交际

  

  跨文化交际案例分析

  Case1:SheHasThreeHandsInthefollowingscenario,aChinesedoctor,apatientandaphysiotherapistinteract.AfemaleneurologistfromBeijingwasworkingonaresearchprojectinaTorontohospital.ShesharedasmallofficewithayoungCanadianmalefromalargefamily,wholovedpeanutbutter.Hewassofondofpeanutbutterthathekeptajarintheoffice.Onedayhecameintotheofficeandexclaimed,“Whotookmypeanutbutter?”ButtheChinesewomanimmediatelyfeltaccused.Afterall,therewereonlytwoofthemintheoffice.Shewasdeeplydistressed,buttruetoherlearnedculturalbehaviorofnevershowingangerinpublic,shesaidnothing.Laterthatdayshewasworkinginaroomwherethephysiotherapistwastreatingapatientwhosufferedparalysisofhislegsandarmsfromamotorcycleaccident.Thephysiotherapistmovedoneofthepatient’slegsinawaythatcausedhimpain.“Ouch!”hecried.

  “Oh,Ididn’tdothat,”saidthephysiotherapist.“Itwasthatdoctoroverthere,”andhepointedtotheChinesewoman.

  “Howcouldshehavedoneitsinceshe’sontheothersideoftheroom?”thepatientpointedout.“Ah,shehasthreehands.”thephysiotherapistreplied.

  AtthesewordstheChinesedoctorbecameevenmoreupset.Shewassodisturbedthatshebehavedinawayuncharacteristicofherculture.Shewaiteduntilthepatienthadgone,andthensaidtothephysiotherapist,“I’mveryupsetbywhatyousaid.”Thephysiotherapistwastakenaback.“WhathadIsaid?”“You

  saidIhadthreehands,”theChinesedoctorfinallychoked.“YouthinkItookthepeanutbutter.”

  Answerthefollowingquestions:1.Howdoyouunderstandthephrase“tohavethreehands”?(3分)2.Whatcausedtheircommunicationconflicts?(7分)

  Case1:ThiscasecanreflectthedifferentcommunicationstylesbetweenChineseandCanadians.Inwesterncultures,communicationisthemeansoftransmittingideas.Westernpeopleusuallycommunicatedirectlywitheachother.ThatiswhytheCanadianinthiscasesayswhatisinhisminddirectlyinfrontoftheChinesewomanwithouthidinganything.WhileChineseculturestressesharmonyandemphasizestherelationshipsbetweenthecommunicators.Chinesepeopleviewcommunicationasaprocesswhereallpartiesaresearchingtodevelopandmaintainasocialrelationship.SotheChinesewomaninthiscasetriesnottoarguewiththeCanadianfacetofacetokeepthe“harmoniousrelationship”betweenthem.

  Case2:LeftintheColdKatherinecametoBeijingin1998andfoundajobasanEnglishteacherinaforeignlanguageinstitute.Soonafterherclassesbeganshefoundthatherstudentsshowednointerestinherteachingstyle.Quiteafewofthemavoidedattendingherclass.ShewasfeelingquiteupsetanddiscouragedsoshedecidedtoasktheDirector,Prof.Wangforhelp.Prof.Wangreviewedhistimetableandsuggestedtheymeetatteno’clockonThursdaymorning.WhenThursdaycame,KatherinearrivedatProf.Wang’sofficeattheexactlyteno’clockfindinghimtalkingwithanotherteacherinChinese.Seeingthatshehad

  come,Prof.Wangsmiledandgesturedhertositdown.Katherinesatdownandtheprofessorexcusedhimselfandcontinuedtotalkwiththeotherteacher.Afterfiveminutes,hefinishedhisconversation,andapologizedtoKatherine,andbegantofocushisattentiononhersituation.Prof.Wangshowedgreatconcernandaskedherwhattheproblemwas.Justasshewasdiscussingherproblem,anotherChineseteacherinterrupted,withaformthatrequiredtheDirector’ssignature.TheDirectorsmiled,apologizedtoKatherineagain,andturnedtotalkwiththeChineseteacherinChinese.Katherinebecameimpatient,andwonderedwhytheirdiscussionshouldbeinterruptedsinceshehadmadeanappointment.Also,shewasupsetandfrustratedthattheycontinuedtospeakChineseinfrontofher.Althoughtheirtalkcontinued,shewasapparentlyunhappyaboutwhathadhappened.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.HowwouldyouexplaintheDirector’sbehaviortowardKathrine?(5分)

  2.HowwouldyoumaketheDirectorunderstandwhyKatherinefeltfrustratedandangry?(5分)

  Case2:CommentThisisatypicalculturalclashbetweenChineseandWesterners.Thereisagreatdifferenceintheconceptofappointmentanditsbehaviorpatternindifferentcultures.ToAmericans,anappointmentisaconfirmationtomeetataprecisetime.Ifanappointmentisscheduled,bothpartiesshouldrespecttheappointmenttime.Forexample,ifaprofessormakesanappointmentwithastudentatacertaintime,itshouldnotbe

  interruptedbyotherthingsorpeople.Inaddition,Westernersaregoodtimekeepers;theyadherestrictlytoschedules.However,Chineseviewappointmentsinamoreflexiblemanner.Theyaremorecasualaboutcommitments.ThisdifferenceinattitudestowardappointmentwastherootofKatherine’sunhappiness.SincetheDirectormadeantena’clockappointment,heshouldhavetriedtoavoidanyinterruption.However,whenKatherinearrivedontime,theDirectorwasstilltalkingwithanotherteacher.Whentheirmeetingfinallybegan,itwasinterruptedagain.ThereisnowonderKatherinebecamefrustratedandangry.Case3:PersonalSpaceMarkhadrecentlymovedfromDenmarktoSydneytoworkasasalespersonforalargeAustraliancompany.Afterthreeweeks,hewasinvitedtojoinalocalclub.Duringthefirstfewweeksattheclub,Markwouldeitherstandinthecornertalkingwithsomeoneorsitonasofalisteningtootherpeopletalkandchat.Astimewentby,hecametoknowmostoftheclubmembersandseemedtoenjoytalkingwiththem.Oneday,ataneveningpartyoneofthefemalemembersapproachedhim.Markimmediatelyshowedhisinterestbytalkingabouttheatmosphereoftheparty.Atfirst,theconversationbetweenthemseemedtogoquitesmoothly,butasitprogressedtheladyseemedtostepfurtherandfurtherawayfromMarkashehadbeengraduallymovingclosertoher.Theladyobviouslyseemeduncomfortable.AsMarkwasabouttoaskherquestionsregardingAustraliansocialcustoms,anothermanstandingnearbydirectedaglancetowardthelady.Sheexcusedherselfandwenttotalkwiththatman,leavingMarkstandingaloneandwonderingwhytheirconversationhadcometosuchasuddenstop.

  Answerthefollowingquestion1.WhydidthatwomansuddenlystoptalkingwithMarkandturnedtoanotherman?(10分)

  Case3:Thisisatypicalcaseofmisunderstandingcausedbydifferentperceptionsabutbodydistance.Thereisalotofevidencetoshowthatbodydistancevarieswithdifferentpeople,differentcircumstances,anddifferentcultures.InDenmark,ataformalevent,theintimatespaceisusuallybetween20to30centimeters;whileinAustraliasuchanoccasionrequiresabodydistanceof40to50centimeters.ThereforewhenaDanetalkswithanAustralian,theproblemarises:theDaneisaccustomedtoaclosedistancewhiletheAustralianiscomfortablewithagreatdistance.Inthiscase,Mark,bytryingtoestablishhisnormalintimatespace,infringedontheAustralianlady’sspace.Becauseofthis,shefeltsomewhatthreatenedandlosthersenseofcomfort.Atthatmoment,thenearbymanofferedhertheopportunitytoexcuseherselffromMark.IfMarkhadhadsomeknowledgeabouttheexpectedpersonalspaceforAustralians,theencountermighthavebeentotallydifferent.Case4LiMing,amaleChinesegraduatestudent,studiedintheUnitedStates.HesharedaroomwithhisAmericanclassmateTonyinaresidencehall.Attheverybeginning,LiMingfounditeasyandenjoyabletogetalongwithTony,forhewasanopen-mindedpersonandsometimeshecouldgiveLiMingquitealotofhelpfuladvice.Butlater,LiMingfeltitreallyhardtodotherealeffectivecommunication.Forexample:

  OnedayTonywentintothebathroomandcompletelyshavedhishead.LiMingeasilydiscoveredthisfactwhenhehimselfvisitedthebathroomandsawthehaireverywhere.HereturnedtohisroomandsaidtoTony,“You’veshavedyourhead.”Tonyreplied,“Yeah,Idid.”

  LiMingwaitedawhile,thensaid,Idiscoveredyou’dshavedyourheadwhenIwentintothebathroomandsawthehair.“Yeah.”Tonyconfirmed.LiMingwasataloss.HebelievedhehadcommunicatedinthestrongestpossiblelanguagehiswishthattheAmericanwouldcleanupthemesshe’dmadeinthebathroom.ButLiMingwasverymuchdisappointedathisroommateTony!LaterhediscussedthesurprisingepisodewithsomeChinesefriendswhotoldhim,“Listen,withAmericansyouactuallyhavetosay:Cleanupthebathroom!”LiMingbelievedhismessagehadbeenveryclear.However,hewasrelyingonthecontextofthecommunicationforthemessagetobeunderstood:hairwasalloverthebathroom,andhisroommatenowwasbare-headed.Questions:1.WhydoyouthinktheAmericanstudentTonyfailedtounderstandwhathisChineseroommateLiMinghadwantedtosay?2.SupposethemaincharactersinthestoryaretwoChinesestudentsortwoAmericanstudents,inwhatwaywilltheydealwiththematter?Case7(P30)Caseanalysis:Culturaldifferencesdecidethetwostudentsaregoingtocommunicateindifferentways.案例分析:文化差异决定这两个学生要沟通的方式不同。

  TheChinesestudentwantstheAmericanstudenttounderstandtheunderlyingmeansofhiswords,buttheAmericanstudentisusedtothedirectstyleofcommunication.Thisisdecidedbyculture.InChineseculture,peoplewanttosavefaceofboththemselvesandothers,sotheywouldnotexpresstheirideasdirectly.However,intheUnitedStates,unlessyouexpressyourselfclearlyanddirectly,theotherscannotunderstandyou.Case5BartRapsonhadbroughthisfamilytothePhilippinesonajobassignmentforamultinatioalcorporation.Whilenotparticularlyreligiousthemselves,havinglargelyabandonedthepracticeofCatholicismexceptfortokenappearancesatChristmasandEaster,theystillfeltthattheirchildrenmightbenefitfrombelongingtoachurch.Thekyexplainedtofriendsthatthechurchcangivechildrenasenseofbelongingandcanprovidesomemoralandethicalguidance.SincethePhilippinesislargelyCatholic,itwaseasyforBarttoplacehis7-year-olddaughterinaSundayschoolclassthatwouldprepareherforherFirstCommunion.Asthedayapproached,Bartplannedforanafter-churchparty,invitingcolleaguesandtheirfamiliesfromwork.OneFilipinocolleague,Manuel,towhomBartfeltespeciallyclose,keptputtingofffananswertoBart’sinvitation,sayingneither“yes”nor“no”.Finally,Bartsaid,“Mywifeneedstoknowhowmanypeopletocookfor.”StillnotgivingayesornoanswerManuellatercalledandsaidthathewouldbeattendingadifferentpartythatwouldbeattendedbyotherFilipinos.Manuellistedtheirnames,mentioningthatheregularly“partied”withthem,butBartdidnotrecognizeanyonefromthelist.ManuelsaidthathewouldtrytostopbysometimeduringBart’sparty.

  Bartwasquiteupset.Hecomplained,“ifthisissupposedlyaCatholiccountry,whycouldtheynotplaceavalueonthis?Whywouldheturndownaonce-in-a-lifetimegathering,mydaughter’sFirstCommunion,togotoapartywithfriendsheadmitstoseeingallthetime?”aftertheparty,BartwasmerelycordialtoManuel-therewerenolongeranyindicationsoffriendliness.Manuelwaspuzzled,andhadnoideawhattheproblemwas.Thedirectoroftheorganization,asensitivepersonpickedupthecuesandrealizedthattherewasastrainedrelationship.Comments:ForAmericansknowinghowmanypeoplewillattendagatheringisoneofthekeypriorities,asithelpsthehosttoprepareproperly.However,toFilipinos,thenumberofguestsisnotveryimportant,theyusuallypreparemorefoodthanenoughandwouldnotmindiftherewereleftovers.Aswell,Filipinosprefertobetogetherwithpeopletheyknowwell.Inaddition,inthePhilippines,thefirstCommunionisnotasimportantasthepartythatfollows.Forthatveryreason,ManueltoldBartthathewoulddropbylater.ThemainprobleminthiscaseisManuel’signoranceofAmericancustoms.HedidnotrealizethatAmericanspaygreatattentiontoimportantsocialgatherings,especiallywhentheirchildrenareinvolve.ForBart,his7-year-olddaughter’sFirstCommunionisveryimportant.Invitinghiscolleaguestoattendthegatheringalongsidehisfamilymembersisveryspecial.Case11:MakinganAppointmentThiscasecanreflecthowcultureaffectsitscommunicationstyle.Eachcultureencouragesaparticularcommunicationstyle

  expectedwithinit.Thisimpliesnotonlyusingcorrectsymbols,butalsoapplyingtheappropriatecommunicationstylefortheoccasion.Communicationstylesincludemannerisms,phrases,rituals,andcommunicationcustomsappropriateforvarioussituationsinaculture.Inthiscase,knowingthecommunicationstyleoftheAmericanswhichischaracterizedbydirect,exactingandinstrumental,theexportermanagerfulfillshisjobsuccessfully.

篇六:案例分析跨文化交际

  

  跨文化交际案例分析

  跨文化交际是指一种国际文化环境中,双方民族属于不同文化族群,使用不同文化象征系统表达理念,而能够取得有效沟通和合作关系的过程。跨文化交际是一个棘手的话题,它不仅关系到双方的文化差异,而且还与如何处理和处理文化差异有关。如果忽视了文化差异,双方通信的效果可能会非常糟糕。下面来看看一个跨文化交际的具体案例。

  最近,一家名为XXX的大型国际公司被任命为一家中国公司的咨询公司。由于这是中国企业第一次进行国际咨询,他们非常重视这项业务,并期望成功完成这一服务项目。然而,由于双方文化差异较大,在沟通协商中出现了两个主要问题,一是由于中国公司更尊重常规,往往会采取有礼貌的方式以表示谦虚,他们认为中国的企业文化非常重视客户的口头表达,但他们实际上面对的是一个西方市场,假定客户可以用刚性的语言表达自己的想法,这可能会给客户留下一个不太让人满意的印象。其次,因为西方文化强调分工,他们认为只要有效而快速决策就是最后期限。因此,他们希望在一天之内就可以获得一些解决方案和决定,而对企业文化来说,这可能会有摩擦。

  为了解决以上双方间出现的交流问题,两方都采取了一些措施。首先,双方广泛地交换了文化背景资料,使双方更好地了解世界上不同的文化,为解决问题获得见解,从而减少文化差异带来的沟通困难。其次,双方重视语言的准确性,在技术上降低误解,并努力降低影响和确保信息的准确传达。最后,双方在沟通和协商时采取了更友好的应对方式,用平等和尊重取代高傲和偏见,以消除文化差异影响的因素,这样才能够达到受益双方的最终目的。

  从以上案例可以看出,遭遇跨文化交流的双方,应开拓既定刻板的文化差异思维,通过对各自文化特点的了解和认同,避免误解,从而达成有效沟通的结果,否则造成的不必要的麻烦和负面影响可能是双方都无法接受的。只有理解文化差异,以及尊重他人的文化特点,双方才能在有效和积极的沟通基础上,达成实现共赢的最终交换体验。

篇七:案例分析跨文化交际

  

  CaseOne:SettingRulesforaGuest–AmericanHospitality

  案例:

  WhenZhangTaotraveledinAmerica,helivedinthehomeofhisAmericanfriend,Bill.Onceafterhehadtraveledback,hefoundBillwasinabadmood.Whenheaskedwhattheproblemwas,BilltoldZhangTaothathissonAdamgotfuriousaboutthenoiseZhangmadewhenwalkingupstairsandalsobecausehewasusingtoomuchwaterinthesolarpoweredshowerandAdamhadtohavehisshowerincoldwater.BilltoldZhangTaothatheshouldwalkmoresoftlyinfuture,andhaveafastshowertosavewater.ZhangTaofeltuneasy.Howcouldthehostsetsuchrulesforhisguest!

  Question:WhydidZhangTaofeeluneasy?

  分析:

  1)InChina,whenpeoplehostsomeone,theyputtheguestintheplaceofhonortoshowhospitality.Theytrytotakecareoftheguest,andtrytomaketheguestfeelcomfortableandatease.

  2)InAmerica,peopletendtogivetheguestgreatfreedomandtreataguestmorecasually,naturallyandtruthfully.

  3)ZhangTaoknewhewasaguest,andthoughtintermsofChineseexpectationsofhospitality.HethoughtBillshouldtreathimcourteouslyinsteadofsettingrulesforhim.

  4)SinceZhangTaolivedinAmericansurroundings,heshouldhaveknownaboutthecustomstheresooner.

  CaseTwo:

  案例:

  Linhadtraveled20hoursfromBeijingtoNewYork.Heneededagoodmeal.HisAmericanfriend,Mike,methim.ButMikeonlyofferedhimaplateofroastedchickenandaglassoforangejuice.Linwasusedtohavingamaincourse,andaskedMikeifhehadanyrice.Mikesaidheonlyhadfriednoodles,andLinhadtomakedowithit.ThoughLinknewAmericansdidn’tcareverymuchaboutwhatfoodtheyate,hestillfeltsurprisedbecausehehadtakenMiketothemostfamousduckrestaurantinBeijing

  --Quanjude--whenhearrivedinBeijing.

  Question:WhydidLinfeelsurprised?OffersomeadvicetohimaboutadjustingtohisnewenvironmentinAmerica.

  分析:

  1)0nthetopicofhospitality,theChinesestressonwarmthanddemonstratingfriendship.Theytaketheguesttoafamousorluxuriousrestauranttohaveaverygood(expensive)mealtoshowtheirhospitality.AndtheChineseareusedtohavingabigmeal.Themoredishestheyputout,thegreaterthewarmthandfriendshiptheyshow.

  2)Inwesterncountries,peoplestressonfreedom.Theygivetheguestgreatfreedomtochoosetheirownfoods.Andwesternerstendtohaveonlyonemaincourseandsomejuiceordessert,whichisviewedascasualintheeyesoftheChinese.

  3)LinlivedinAmericansurroundingsandshouldhaveadjustedhimselfquicklytothenewworld(lifestyle).Heshouldhaveknownthecustomtherefirst,andfeltmoreateaseinMike’shome.

  CaseThree:EqualityorHospitalityforTableManners

  案例:

  LinHuahasaccompaniedanAmericandelegationtovisitChina.TheyhaveexperiencedthehospitalityoftheChinesepeople.AfterreturningtoAmerica,Linhuaoncevisitedthem.Theyweresogladtomeetagain.Linhuaofferedtohostthemeal,buttheyrefused.Theyorderedtheirowndish,andLinhuaorderedherown.Whenfootingthebill,theyonlypaidtheirpart,andnoonewantedtopayforLinhua.Linhuafoundthemsoinhospitable,thoughsheknewtheAmericanswouldusuallypayfortheirownfood.

  Question:WhydidLinhuafindtheminhospitable?

  分析:

  1)InChina,toshowhospitality,peopletendtohostthemeal.Andiftheycannotdothis,theyatleastwillstruggletopayfortheguest.

  2)InAmerica,peopletendtopayforthemselvestoshowequalityand

  independence.

  3)Linhuaknowsthiscustom,butfromaChinesepointofview,shestillfindsthishardtoaccept,andfeelsitalittleinhospitable.

  CaseFour:

  案例:

  IhaveanAmericanfriend.Ihaveinvitedhimseveraltimes,andatlonglastheinvitedmetohishomeoneday.Hetoldmetogetthereat3pm.Ithoughtwecouldchatandhaveamealtogether.IgavehimaChinesecalendar,awoman’sscarfandabottleofChinesewhitewine.Heonlytookoutadishofnuts,aplateofbreadandabottleofwine.Aftertwohours’chat,Ifoundtherewasnohintofamealandsaidgood-byetohim.HeonlygavemeaboxofchocolateasapresentfortheNewYear.AfterIgothome,Ifoundtheboxalreadybeenopened.Iwasverysurprised,

  Question:Whatsurprisedme?

  分析:

  1)InChina,avisittohomealwaysincludesameal.Andtheguestalwaysbringsarelativelyexpensivepresenttothehost.Andthepresentshouldbewellwrappedoruntouched.

  2)Inthewest,avisittohomeonlymeansameeting,notnecessarilyincludingameal.AndthepresentistreatednotasimportantlyasitisinChina.

  3)IactedinawaythatwasbasedonChinesecustoms,soIfelttheAmericanwaywasveryinteresting(unusual).

  CaseFive:WayofEntertainingGuestsinChina----Drinkmoreandmore

  案例:

  Tom,anAmerican,wenttoaChinesehomeforthefirsttime.Hewasofferedsometea.Justwhenthefirstcupwasabouttofinish,moreteawasadded.Hedrankthesecondcup.Thenthecupwasfilledthethirdtime.Thenhedrankit,then?

  untilhewasquitefull.Tomwastotallyconfusedbythewayofentertaining.

  Question:WhywasTomtotallyconfused?

  分析:

  1)TraditionalChinesecustomrequiresthatduringthecourseofentertaining,thehosthastoalwayspourmorewineorteatotheguest’sglassorcup,andalwaysaddsmorefoodtotheguest’splateorbowlwithoutaskingwhetherit’swanted.

  2)Chineseguestsknowhowtorespondtothistypeofhospitality.Theysimplyleavethewine,tea,orfoodinthecontainerandstophavinganymore.ButTom,theAmericanguestinthecasedidn’tknowthis.

  3)Hefollowedthepolitenessruleofhisculture:it’snotgoodmannerstoleavefoodinone’sownplateatadinnertable.Therefore,withoutanyknowledgeofthedifferencesbetweenthetwocultures,anAmericanguestwouldverylikelysufferfromeitherdrinkingoreatingtoomuchinsuchasituation.

  CaseSix

  AsaforeignstudentattheUniversityofWisconsininMadison,KeikoIhara(Japanese)wasonastrictbudget.Shehadallhertuitionandbookspaidforbyscholarshipsandgrantsanduntilrecentlywascomfortablyhousedinthedormitory.Wantingtoliveinthecommunityratherthaninthedormitory,shefoundasmallapartmenttosharewithafriend.Hercollegefriends,knowingofhersituation,offeredtoroundupsomeofthenecessaryitemsforapartmentliving.Keikopolitelydeclined,sayingshecouldmanage.Wantingtohelpoutherfriendsfoundsomeoldbutstillusablehouseholdappliancesandfurniture.Maryhadanolddeskthatwasinhergarage.Edhadsomechairsfromhisuncle,andJoeandMarionhadafewextradishes.Theycheerfullybroughtthemoveroneday.Keikoseemedveryembarrassed,butgracefullyacceptedthem,sincerelyandprofuselythankedthem.

  ThefollowingweektheywereeachpresentedwithagiftfromKeiko.Marygotanornatejewelrybox,EdavolumeofwoodcutsbyafamousJapaneseartist,andJoeandMarionabeautifulJapanesevase,allofwhichwereofconsiderableworthandvalue,muchmorethantheoldthingstheyhaddonatedtoher.Theyallprotestedthatshecouldnotaffordtogivesuch

  elaborategifts;theyreallyexpectednothingasthehouseholditemswerenotreallybeingusedandtheywouldratherhaveherusethem.Keiko,however,insistedthattheytakethegifts.Intheend,theyacceptedthegifts,althoughtheyallfeltuncomfortableastheyknewshewasreallysacrificingtogivethem.

  Questions:

  1.WhatdoyouthinkofKeikoinsistingongivingvaluablegiftstohercollegefriends?

  2.WhydidKeiko’sfriendsfeelveryuncomfortablewhentheyreceivedvaluablegiftsinreturn?

  分析:

  Keikoinsistsongivingvaluablegiftstohercollegefriends,becauseincountrieslikeJapan,exchanginggiftsisastronglyrootedsocialtradition.Shouldyoureceiveagift,anddon’thaveonetoofferinreturn,youwillprobablycreateacrisis.Ifnotasseriousasacrisis,onewhodoesn’tofferagiftinreturnmaybeconsideredrudeorimpolite.Therefore,inJapan,giftsareasymbolicwaytoshowappreciation,respect,gratitudeandfurtherrelationship.

  KeikoobviouslyhastakenthoseuseditemsfromMary,EdandMarionasgifts,forsheprobablydoesn’tknowthatAmericansfrequentlydonatetheirusedhouseholditemstochurchortothecommunity.Mary,EdandMarionwouldneverconsiderthoseusedhouseholditemsgiventoKeikoasgifts.Nowondertheyfeltveryuncomfortablewhentheyreceivedvaluablegiftsinreturn.

  CaseSeven

  Selma,whoisfromtheUS,isinastudentexchangeprograminIndonesia.Oneday,shewasaskedtoattendabirthdaypartyandshewasdelighted,forshewascurioustoknowwhatanIndonesianbirthdaypartywaslike.Tohersurprise,shewastheonlyonethatdressedintypicallyWesternclothes.Althoughshehadnostrongreasontobecomeuneasy,her

  uneasyfeelingprevailedasthepartywasgoingon.Tomakeherselffeelbetter,shewenttothefoodtableandbegantohelpherself.But,uponleavingthetable,shetrippedonthelegofachairandspilledherdrinkonthefloor.Oneofthegirlsstoopeddowntomopupthespillandeveryoneelselaughedoutloud.Selma,uncertainwhattodonext,quietlymovedoutofherwaywithherheadloweredinshame.

  Questions:

  3.WhatfunctionsdoeslaughingserveinsimilarsituationsinChina?

  4.Whatshouldwedotohelpourselvesorotherpeopleoutofembarrassmentcausedbyculturaldifferencesinlaughing?

  分析:

  Justlikesmile,laughingdoesnotalwaysservethesamefunctionindifferentcultures.Interestingly,forusChinese,laughingoftenhasaspecialfunctiononsometensesocialoccasions.Peoplemaylaughtoreleasethetensionorembarrassment,toexpresstheirconcernaboutyou,theirintentiontoputyouateaseortohelpyoucomeoutoftheembarrassment.Inthiscase,thepeopletherewereactuallywishingtolaughwiththeAmericanratherthanlaughather.Theirlaughingseemedtoconveyanumberofmessages:don‘ttakeitsoseriously;laughitoff,it‘snothing;suchthingscanhappentoanyofus,etc.UnfortunatelytheAmericanwasunawareofthis.Shethoughttheywerelaughingather,whichmadeherfeelmorebadlyandangry,forinherculturelaughingonsuchanoccasionwouldbeinterpretedasaninsultingresponse,humiliatingandnegative.

篇八:案例分析跨文化交际

  

  跨文化交际案例分析

  LEKIBMstandardizationoffice【IBM5AB-LEKIBMK08-LEKIBM2C】

  CaseStudy1AgeandStatus

  两位同事的矛盾使一家数据处理公司的总经理遇到了麻烦。一方是一位踌躇满志的法裔加拿大小伙子,另一方是一位有特许签证的年长的中国女性,而此前两人确实很好的合作伙伴…..

  Casedescription:Amanagerinadata-processingcompanywashavingdifficultydealingwithaconflictbetweenayoung,ambitiousFrenchCanadianmaleandhisco-worker,anolderChinesewomanwhowasonaspecialvisafromChina.Shehadrecentlybecomeuncooperativeandhadmadeitcleartothemanagerthatshewouldnotbewillingtotraveltothecapitalwithherco-workertoholddiscussionwithlegislatorsaboutanewproductwithgreatenthusiasm.

  Whenthemanageraskedherwhattheproblemwas,hereceivednoclearexplanation.Whenheaskedherco-worker,theyoungmanhadnoinsightstooffer.TheyoungFrenchCanadianwasclearlyannoyed,however,thattheChinesewomanwasrefusingtoshareherdatawithhim.Thatmeanthecouldn’tmakethepresentationtothelegislatorsbecauseshehadallthekeydataonhercomputerdisks.

  Themanagerrepeatedquestionstoherbuther“problem”gotnowhere.Sohechangedhisapproach.Hebeganexplaininghisconcerns,asmangerandasspokespersonforthecompany,abouttheupcomingmeetingwithlegislators.Hisexplanationabouthispositionwasunemotional.Inthatclimateshethenfeltshecouldexplainherposition.Sherevealedshefeltthatthatasanolder,andtohermind,moreseniorperson,sheshouldnotbesenttothecapitolwithayoungeremployeewhowoulddothepresentationofmaterialshehadworkedhardtodevelop.Thatwoulddiminishherstatus,shefelt.Thegeneralmangerknewtherootofhisheadache.

  Questions:

  1.Whatdoyouthinkcausedtheconflict?

  2.Whatwouldyoudotoresolvetheconflictifyouwerethegeneralmanager?

  矛盾冲突

  这位年长的中国女士投入极大的热情和精力开发产品.却在最后的关键时刻拒绝与年轻的同事一同去向议员做推介:当经理和同事问其原因.她并未做任何明确的回答:而当经理改变策略,不再直接询问原因,而是迂回地讲起自己的困境时,她才道出自己的顾虑。

  在这位资深年长的中国女士看来,同一位比她年轻的同事一同去国会,并且由对方来做推介会影响到她的地位和威信,因此她无法同意:

  原因分析

  造成这一矛盾的文化因素有两方面.对地位、年龄的不同态度以及这种不同的表达方式。人对权力的认识因文化背景的不同而不同。根据霍夫斯特的调查研

  究,“低权力距离”国家的人强调个人的能力和信用,人与人之间权利和关系的平等,而.”高权力距离”国家,如中国、日本、纬国,强调地位、经验、年龄、资历等,人与人之间存在级别差距;因此在这位年轻的加拿大人看来,在工作上他与这位女士是平等的合作伙伴,并没有地位的差别,自己也有能力参与项目并做最后报告。而在这位中国女士看来,以自己的年龄、资历、以及工作中的付出,与一个年轻人一同去国会,并且由对方来做报告对她来说是一件丢面子的事:

  另外.双方表达方式的不同也导致了矛盾的加深。根据霍尔的理论,加拿大是“低语境”国家,中国属于“高语境”文化国家,因此,当她的加拿大同事没有充分考虑到她所处的位置.而是直接问她原因时,这位中国女士采用了婉转回进的策略,没有直接说出自己的想法。而当经理改变方法迂回地说到自己的难处时,在这种语境下她才说出自己的顾虑。

  Lowpowerdistance"countryonindividualabilityandcredit,therelationshipbetweenrightsandequality,and."highpowerdistance"countries,suchasChina,Japan,weftkingdom,emphasizingthestatus,experience,age,qualifications,existinggapbetweenpeoplelevel

  。SointheyoungCanadianopinion,intheworkheandthewomanareequalpartners,andthedifferenceinnoposition,alsohastheabilitytoparticipateinprojectanddothelastreport.AndintheChinesewomenseemto,intheirownage,qualifications,andworkinpay,andayoungmantogethertocongress,andbyeachothertodothereportforherisaloseface:

  Outside.Bothsidesexpressingwaydifferentledtothedeepeningofcontradictions.Accordingtothetheoryofhall,Canadais"lowcontext"countries;Chinabelongsto"highcontext"culturecountries,

  文化沟通

  当与不同文化背景、年龄、地位的人进行跨文化交流合作时,我们应当充分了解对方价值观中对这些个人因素的看法,决策前应采用合适的方式进行有效的协商,以便避免和化解因文化背景、价值观不同引起的矛盾。本案例中的经理在理解她的难处之后,可以在全公司内正式的公布这位女士的工作成果,给予

  高度的认可.同时在议会的报告中也应体现出其工作的重要意义,使之得,得到应有的重视。

  Thiscaseofmanagerinunderstandingherdifficultyaftercaninallthecompanyreleasedwithintheformalthelady"swork,togivehighrecognition.Atthesametimeintheparliamentaryreportshouldreflectitsimportance,make,andgettheattentionitdeserves.

  CaseStudy2PraisingJapaneseinPublicWorkplaces(在工作场所当众表扬日本人)

  琼斯先生(美国经理)

  当众表扬苏琦木拓(日本员工)工作做得很棒,本以为苏琦木拓会高兴的接受,却不料…..

  Casedescription:

  American:Mr.Sugimoto,Ihavenoticedthatyouaredoinganexcellentjobontheassemblyline.Ihopethattheotherworkersnoticehowitshouldbedone.

  Japanese:(Heisuneasy).Praiseisnotnecessary.Iamonlydoingmyjob.(HehopesotherJapaneseworkersdonothear.)

  American:Youarethefinesse,mostexcellent,dedicatedworkerwehaveeverhadattheJonesCorporation.

  Japanese:(Heblushedandnodshisheadseveraltimes,andkeepsworking.)

  American:Well,areyougoingtosay“thankyou,”Mr.Sugimoto,orjustremainsilent?

  Japanese:Excuseme,Mr.Jones…MayItakeleaveforfiveminutes?

  American:Sure.(HeisannoyedandwatchedSugimotoexit).Ican’tbelievehowrudesomeJapaneseworkersare.Theyseemtobedisturbedbypraiseanddon’tansweryou…justsilent.

  Questions:

  WhywastheconversationbetweenMr.JonesandMr.Sugimotonotsopleasant?

  Whydidtheyhavesuchdifferentreactionstowardspraisinginpublicworkplaces?

  IfyouwereMr.Sugimoto,wouldyouacceptpraisefromMr.Jonesinpublicworkplaces?

  IfwereMr.Jones,howwouldyoudealwiththesituationmoreappropriately?

  分析

  矛盾冲突

  从对话中可以看出,琼斯先生认为在其他工人面前表扬苏奇木拓先生是对他工作的肯定.也是对他个人的认可,苏奇木拓先生应该高兴地接受,不必遮遮掩掩不好意思,更不应该一句话不说就走了。但琼斯先生只是从美国强调个人的概念出发,却不熟悉日本人是如何看待个人和集体的关系,不知道如何向日本

  同事表示欣赏和赞扬.结果适得其反。琼斯先生和苏奇木拓交流失败的原因主要在于都对双方的文化了解不深,特别是双方对个人与集体关系的看法不同。

  原因分析

  在霍夫斯特的“个体取向与集体取向”53个国家和地区的列表中美国排在第一位.而日本排在22位,这意味着美国是非常强调个人主义的国家,而日本更注重的是集体。在美国鼓励个人创断,提倡竟争.个人会因业绩优异而受到上司表扬,这是一种典型的美国式做法。特别是如果在同事面前受到表扬,个人会觉得很自豪,因为成绩得到了上级的认可,同时也在同事中间表现了自己,实现了

  自我价值。在美国,受到表扬的人往往会说“谢谢”’以作回答。TheUnitedStatesisverystressedindividualismcountry,andJapanaremorefocusedontheircollective.IntheUnitedStatesencouragesindividualcreative,advocatingcompetition.Individualwillandexcellentperformancebybossforpraise,thisisakindoftypicalAmericanpractices.Especiallyifinfrontofmycolleagueshavebeenpraised,peoplewillfeelveryproud,becausetheresultsobtainedsuperiorapprobate,andalsoinamongcolleaguesshowed,realizetheegovalue.IntheUnitedStates,whopraisedwilloftensay"thankyou"toanswer".所以案例中的琼斯先生认为苏奇木拓先生也应该以这样的方式接受表扬。出乎他意抖的是,那位受到表扬的日本工人对他的表扬感到不安,没把表扬当回事:美国经理接着用更肯定的语气维续表扬他,如用英语中的最高级形容词“最优秀的”、“最杰出”、‘最勤奋”等等。使他更吃惊的是:他的这番赞扬之词使那位日本工人更1危脸,脸一下红了起来,只是理头干活.不再言语,仅仅点了两下头。对于这样的回答或拒绝表扬.美国经理实在是无法理解,也无法忍受这种沉默不语,于是直截了当地向他发问道:“你打算说声谢谢呢,还是要选择继续保待沉默呢?”责备他表现“没礼貌”。Themanagerwasunabletounderstand,alsocan"tstandforthesilent,thentostraightouthehairasked:"areyougoingtosayThankyou,ortochoosetocontinuethestaysilent"Blamehimtoshow"rude".他所不知的是,日本是典型的集体主义国度,在日本个人要忠实于集体,集体内部的成员要团结一致不倾向于突出个人业绩.而是强调集体协作。所以当苏奇木拓先生在同事面前受到表扬时,非常地局促不安.只是低头干自己的事情,甚至要求要离开五分钟,没有正面给琼斯先生任何答复.因为他觉得这样把他和所属的集体分离开了.使他在同事面前失去了面子。另一方面.美国经理由于对日本文化特点的无知,公开表扬不仅把那位日本工人弄得无言以答,而且会失去在其他日本工人对他的尊敬。Japanistypicalofcollectivesocialistcountry,inJapaneseindividualshouldbefaithfultothecollective,themembersofthecollectivetointernalunitydon"ttendtooutstandingindividualperformance.Butemphasizethecollectivecooperation.SowhenSuJiMuMrExtensioninfrontofmycolleagueswhenpraisedveryillatease.Justdotheirownthingsdown,evenwanttoleavefiveminutes,nopositiveforMrJonesanyreply.Becausehefeltthatheandthesubordinatetothecollectiveisolates.Tohisinfrontofmycolleagueslostface.Ontheotherhand.ThemanagerbecauseofJapaneseculturecharacteristicsofignorance,publicpraisenotonlytheJapaneseworkersmakecouldanswer,andwillloseintheotherJapaneseworkerstohisrespect.

  从对话中也可以看出苏奇木拓先生不接受当众表扬,却只是保持沉默,甚至要走开,没有把他的不满当众表达出来。这样的行为使得琼斯先生认为日本员工不礼貌。这一交际失致和日美两国交流方式不同有很大关系。根据霍尔(Hail)的“高语境”和”低语境”理论,日本是典型的高语境国家,交流方式含蓄委婉,不会轻易在众人面前表达不满,会更多的依赖于非言语交流."Highcontext"and"lowcontext"theory,Japanistypicalhighcontextcountries,communicationimplicativetactful,noteasilyinthepresenceofallexpressdiscontent,willbemoredependentonnon-verbalcommunication.如苏奇木拓先生不作回答保持沉庆,只是干自己的工作,以此表示对当众表扬的不满。而美国属于”低语境”国家,习惯直接的语言交流方式,.AndtheUnitedStatesbelongsto"lowcontext"countries,usedtodirectlanguagecommunication

  当苏奇木拓先生显得不安时,球斯先生却说“你打算说谢谢呢,还是要选择沉默?”。当苏奇木拓先生要求离开时,琼斯先生就认为没有任何回答就离开是不礼貌的。

  文化沟通

  双方应该对彼此的文化有所了解,应该清楚两种文化对个人的不同看法和不同的交流方式.不要总是从自己的出发点看问题。琼斯先生应该知道最好不要当众表扬某个日本人,而是应该私下单独表扬,或者会开表扬某个集体或团队;要清楚日本人的交流方式比较委婉间接,为了集体的和谐他们通常不会在公开场合表示不满。而苏奇木拓先生也应该了解美国时个人的重视,公开表扬个人是对他能力的认可;美国人更喜欢直接的语言交流,有什么想法要说出来,而不是要保持沉默或是回避Bothsidesshouldunderstandthecultureforeachother,shouldbeclearthattwokindsofcultureonpersonaldifferentviewsanddifferentwayofcommunication.Don"talwayslookatproblemsfromtheirstartingpoint.MrJonesshouldknowbetternotpraiseinpublicaJapanese,butshouldpraisealone,orwillopenpraiseacollectiveorteam;WanttobeclearabouttheJapanesewayofcommunicationmoretactfulindirectly,totheharmonyofcollectivetheyusuallydon"tpubliclyexpresseddissatisfaction.AndSuJiMuMrShouldknowtheextensionoftheindividualattentionwhen,publicpraiseforhispersonalabilityistheapproval;Americanspreferdirectlanguageexchange,havewhatideatosay,butnottoremainsilentoravoid

  Case3ABritishGeneralManagerinThailand英国总经理在泰国

  一位英国总经理来到泰国上任,到任之初,没想到使用什么样的车上班这个小问题给他带来了不小的烦恼…….

  Casedescription:

  ABritishgeneralmanageruponarrivalinThailandrefusedtotakehispredecessor’scar.TheThaifinancemanageraskedthenewGMwhattypeofMercedeshewouldlike,then,TheGMaskedforaSuzukioraMini,anythingthatcouldbehandledeasilyinthecongestedtrafficinBangkok.

  ThreeweekslatertheGMcalledthefinancemangerandaskedaboutprospectsforthedeliveryofhiscar.TheThailosthisreserveforamomentandexclaimed:“wecangetyouanewMercedesbytomorrow,butSuzukitakemuch,muchlonger.”TheGMaskedhimtoseewhathecoulddotospeeduptheprocess.AfterfourweekstheGMaskedtoseethepurchaseorderforthecar.Thepurchasingdepartmentrepliedthat,becauseitwouldtakesolongtogetasmallcar,theyhaddecidedtoorderaMercedes.

  TheGM’spatiencehadrunout.Atthefirstmanagementmeetinghebroughttheissueupandaskedforanexplanation.Somewhatshyly,thepredominantlyThaimanagementteamexplainedthattheycouldhardlycometoworkonbicycle.

  Questions:

  WhydidtheGMhavedifficultiesingettingaSuzukiorMini?

  Whydidthemanagementteamsaytheycouldhardlycometoworkonbicycle?

  原因分析

  泰国是等级观念很强的国家.泰国传统文化价值观的核心,如家长制、权威索拜,等级观念等是人们日常行为所公认的准则,甚至是一种“生活方式”人们认为社会等级制度时人有好处.所以不会向社会等级制度挑战。泰国的社会生活强调等级观念,依赖于等级关系。而在公司等社会机构中,强调正式的组织结构,各个等级保持一定的稳定性。Thailandishierarchystrongcountry.Thailandtraditionalculturalvaluesofthecore,suchasthepatriarchalsystem,andtheauthorityandworship,levelistheconceptofthepeopledailybehaviorofacceptedstandards,orevena"lifestyle"peoplethinksocialhierarchysystempeoplehavegood.Sowillnotgiveintothesocialhierarchychallenge.Thailand"semphasisonsociallifehierarchy,relyonhierarchyrelationship.Andinthecompanyandothersocialorganizations,emphasizesformalorganizationstructure,eachlevelmaintaincertainstability.因此,在本案例中,最后泰国职员的解释是,如果总经理的用车降低水准,公司所有职员的用车要整体降级,Thegeneralmanagerofthelowerlevelfruittransport,thecompanyallstafftransporttothewholedowngraded,最终有些职员必须要骑自行车上班,而这是他们不愿也无法做到的。在英国文化的价位观中,权力之间的距离很小.具体工作之外,人们之间是平等的,公司中的领导者用车是为了工作,为了提高的业绩,因此英国经理看来.交通工具的选用是为了提高工作效率.每个人都有选择的自由,自己选用什么样的车与公司其他人无关。InBritishcultureontheprice,thedistancebetweenthepowerissmall.Thespecificworkoutside,betweenpeopleisequal,theleaderisinordertotransportthework,inordertoimprovetheperformance,soBritainthemanagerlooked.Traffictoolsinordertoimprovetheworkefficiencyischoose.Everyonehasthefreedomofchoice,oneselfchoosewhatkindofcarcompanyhasnothingtodowithothers.

  文化沟通

  本案例中,如果英国经理坚持一意孤行,很容易引起泰国员工的集体反感,会有被架空的危险。在跨国组织中,遇到这种情况应从实际环境,即地理环境及当地文化习俗,占主导成员的文化背境出发,考虑大多数人的习惯和意见,做出不影响团队成员工作积极性和工作业绩的决策

  case4怎样理解微笑?

  微笑是友好的表示,理应得到友好的回应。但是,向别人道歉时微笑是否显得适当?不同国家的人有不同的理解。处理不当,很可能带来意想不到的结果……

  Casedescription:

  PeteristhegeneralmanagerofanAmericancompanyinChina.Recently,JunChen,oneoftheChinesemanagersmadeamistakeatworkthatcausedsomedifficultiesthatrequiredalotofefforttofix.JunChenwasveryupsetaboutwhathadhappened,andcametoPeter’sofficetomakeaformalapology.JunChenwentintoPeter’sofficeafterbeingtoldto,smilingbeforehespoke.“Peter,I’vebeenfeelingveryupsetaboutthetroubleI’vecausedforthecompany.I’mheretoapologizeformymistake.I’mterriblysorryaboutitandIwantyoutoknowthatitwillneverhappenagain.”JunChensaid,lookingatPeterwiththesmilehehadbeenwearingsincehewalkedintotheoffice.Peterfoundithardtoaccepttheapology.HelookedatJunChen,andasked,“areyousure”

  “Yes,I’mverysorryandIpromisethiswon’thappenagain,”JunChensaid,withasmileevenbroaderthanbefore.

  “I’msorryIjustcan’ttakeyourapology.Youdon’tlooksorryatall!”Petersaidangrily.

  JunChen’sfaceturnedveryred.HedidnotintheleastexpectPetertotakeitnegatively.Hewasdesperatetomakehimselfunderstood.“Peter,”hemanagedtosmileagain,“trustme,noonecanfeelanymoresorrythanIdoaboutit.”

  Peterwasalmostfuriousbynow,“Ifyou’rethatsorry,howcanyoustillsmile”

  Questionsfordiscussion”

  WhydidJunChenwearasmilewhenhemadetheapology?

  DoyouthinkitisreasonablethatPeterbecamesoangrywithJunChenWhy

  Whatarethedifferentinterpretationsforasmilebythetwointhissituation?

  矛盾冲突

  本案例所体现的矛盾非常明显,是由于胶体语言使用的文化差异而导致的误解。不同文化对于微笑的理解是不同的。尤其是在道歉这种特殊的语境下。陈军向彼得道谦时,尽力微笑着说话以显示礼貌和诚意,而对于彼得来说,这种情况下微笑是不尊重的表砚,也是缺乏诚意的表现。Thiscasethatembodies

  theveryobviouscontradiction,isbecausethecolloiduseoflanguageculturaldifferencesandleadtomisunderstandings.Differentcultureforsmileofunderstandingisdifferent.Especiallyinthecontextofthisspecialandapologize.HowellwaytoPeterWilliams,tryingtosmiletospeaktoshowcourtesyandsincerity,andforPeterspeaking,thissituationisnotrespectwatchsmileyanping,alsoisthelackofsincerityoftheperformance.

  原因分析

  当陈军表达完自己的歉意时,脸上的笑容使彼得怀提他是否真心感到抱歉,以至于看着他追问了一句:”你确定吗?”。此时陈军并未意识到他们之间的交流已经由于自己错误使用胶体语言而产生了问题,笑容更加明显地答到自己确实感到很抱歉并保证不会再犯同样的错误。彼得非常气愤的表示不能接受他的道歇,这是令陈军万万没有想到的.彼得的反应也让他颇为不解,只能急忙为自己辩解.但仍不忘保持脸上的微笑,可想而知.陈军的行为非但不能消除误解.取得彼得的访解,反而进一步火上浇油,激怒了彼得。

  在跨文化交流中,对肢体语言使用和理解的差异往往会导致许多问翅。肢体语言包括手势,身势.服饰.音调高低,微笑,沉默,副语言,对时间的不同观念及空间的使用等。笑容一般传达的是愉悦和友好的感情,可以表示欢迎、原谅、赞同、没有敌意等等。在此案例中,对于中国人陈军来说,微笑不仅仅只是快乐和友好的表示,也传递道歉与谅解的信息。同时由于中国人习惯用面部来遮掩感情,陈军也有借微笑掩饰自己的不安和歉疚的习惯。而对于美国人,这种做法并不能被接受。微笑削弱了道歉的诚意.美国人强调真实直接的表达情感,内心感情与外在表砚的统一。所以他们认为当一个人内心感到愧疚而致歉时,是不可能面带笑容的.否则只能说明道歉的真诚性值得怀疑。Incross-culturalcommunication,ofbodylanguageuseandunderstandthe

  differencesoftenledtomanyaskedwings.Bodylanguageincludinggestures,bodymovements.Dress.Toneheight,smiling,silent,vicelanguage,aboutthetimeofconceptionandtheuseofspace,etc.Generalcommunicateischeerfulsmileandfriendlyaffection,cansaywelcome,forgive,agreewith,nohostile,andsoon.Inthiscase,totheChineseforhowell,smilenotjusthappyandfriendly,andsaidtheinformationtransferapologizeandunderstanding.AtthesametimebecausetheChineseusedtofacetocoverfeelings,howellalsohaveborrowsmilehidehisagitationandthehabitofguilt.ForanAmerican,thiskindofpracticeandcannotbeaccepted.Smileweakentheapologyofsincerity.Americanemphasisonrealdirectexpressfeelings,emotionsandexternaltableinkstoneunity.Sotheythinkthatwhenapersonfeelguiltywhenexcuse,isimpossibletosmiling.Otherwisecanexplainthesincereapologysexualsuspect.

  There"sanoldChinesesaying"stretchedouthishandandnotdozensmilingface,

  文化沟通

  要避免跨文化交际中产生由胶体语言使用不当而造成交流上的障碍和误解,解决本案例中出现的类似问题,必须提前了解对方国家的文化,了解同样的肢体语言在对方国家中是否有着同样的意义.尤其是对方文化中涉及礼节礼仪的方面有何禁忌和特别之处。切不能想当然的套用自己文化中肢体语言的含义,否则就可能出现本案例中得尴尬情况。

  Case5WhyWasHisAnswerNotRelatedtotheQuestion?为何他答非所问?

  飞利浦照明公司的一位美国经理和一位颇具发展潜力的中国员工谈话,但这位中国员工总是答非所问,美国经理甚是疑惑……

  Casedescription:

  AnAmericanmanagerofhumanresourceinPhilipslighteningcompanytalkedwithaChineseemployeewithgreatpotential.TheAmericanmanagerwantedtoknowthe

  developmentdesignandthepositiontheemployeewantstogetinthecompany.ButtheChineseemployeedidnotanswerthequestiondirectly;insteadheonlytalkedaboutthecompany’sfuturedirection,promotionsystemandhiscurrentposition.Hetalkedforalongtime,butdidnotgiveadefiniteanddirectanswer.Themanagerwaspuzzledandannoyed,becausethesamesituationhasoccurredseveraltimes,Later,themanagercomplainedtoanotherhumanresourcemanager,Mr.Jia,“Ionlywantedtoknowtheemployee’sworkingplaninthenext5yearsandthepositionhewantstogetinthecompany,butwhyIcannotgetaclearanswer”.TheChineseemployeealsocomplainedtoMr.Jia.,“WhyareAmericanssoaggressive”Asthehumanresourcemanagerinamultinationalcompany,Mr.Jiaknowsthatadifferentmannerincommunicationbringsaboutmisunderstandings.Sohedidbesttoexplaintothetwosides,butitisnoteasytoreducetheobstaclebetweenthem.

  Questionfordiscussion:

  WhydidtheChineseemployeenotgiveaclearanddefiniteanswer?

  WhatstereotypedidtheChineseemployeefromtowardsAmerican?

  HowcanMr.Jiaeffectivelysolvetheawkwardsituation?

  矛盾冲突

  这是一个体现东西方人际交流方式差异的案例。在这个案例中,文化冲突体现在:来自美国的人力资源经理看好一个中国雇员,因此和该雇员谈话,想知道他对自己的职业发展规划以及期望得到什么职位。而令他不解和恼怒的是,该雇员避而不谈该回答的问题却大谈公司的未来发展、晋升和他目前的职位。结果是两人都在背后互相抱怨,美国人认为中国雇员太虚伪,而中国雇员也认为美国人太直接、坦率、咄咄通人。AmericansbelievethatChineseemployeestoohypocritical,andChineseemployeesalsothinkAmericanstoodirect,frankly,ourveryaggressive.

  原因分析

  该案例中的一方是美国人,而那位员工是中国人。产生这样糟糕结果的一个主要原因是中美两国在人际交流方式上,具体来说是在回答问题的方式上,存在巨大差异,而当事双方却并没意识到这一点。这种文化差异体现在中国文化注重维护群体和谐的人际交流环境,而美国丈化则注重创造一个强调坚持个性的人际交流环境。

  如果这位中国员工从正面直接回答了人力资源经理的问题。比如.中国员工回答:”…

  …

  想在五年之内做到营销部经理的职位。”按照中国人的传统心理,这样的回答违反了中国人一向谦应、委婉的心理习惯,太直接反而暴露出自己很有野心并高傲自大的缺陷,而谦虚可以给自己留有后路,万一做不到那个理想的位子,也不至于丢面子.被人笑话。尽于这位中国员工可能心里对未来有着宏伟的蓝图.但是他所处的文化背景主张克制情绪和情感。因此他在回答美国上司的问题时,没有直接说出自己的想法.而是谈了很多与公司未来发展有关的事,在他看来自己的做法是完全符合社会规范的,是谦虚的表砚,并且认为将自己的未来与公司的未来紧密相连有利于保持组织的和谐。这在中国人看来是再正常不过的了,直截了当地说出自己的薪水目标或是职位目标反而会被认为是具有野心的表砚。此外,中国人评价一个人,往往是清他究竟做了什么,而不是看他说了什么。ThecaseofthepartyisAmerican,andthestaffisChinese.HavethisbadresultsofoneofthemainreasonsisthatChinaandtheUnitedStatesonthewayininterpersonalcommunications,specificallyisthewaytoanswerquestions,therearelargedifferences,andbothpartiesbutdidn"trealizethis.TheseculturaldifferencesreflectedinChineseculturepaysattentiontomaintenancegroupharmoniousinterpersonalcommunicationenvironment,andtheUnitedStatestheculturalfocusesoncreatingaitputsemphasisontheindividualcharacterofinterpersonalcommunicationenvironment.

  IftheChineseemployeesdirectlyfromthefrontofthehumanresourcesmanageransweredthequestion.Forexample.Chineseemployeesanswer:"......thinkinfiveyearsdotheMarketingDepartmentmanagerposition."AccordingtoChinesetraditionalpsychological,suchanswerviolationoftheChinesepeoplehavealwaysmodest,thepsychologicalhabitsshouldbeeuphemism,toodirectexposedhimselfinsteadwasveryambitiousandarroganceofthedefect,andmodestcangivehisleftposterior,onethousandcan"tdotheidealseat,willnotloseface.Belaughedat.TrytotheChineseemployeesmaybetheinthemindtothefuturehasagrandblueprint.Butheispartoftheculturebackgroundadvocatesrestraintmoodsandemotions.Soheansweredintheboss"sproblem,notdirectlyspeakhismind.Buttalkedalotaboutthecompany"sfuturedevelopmentand,inhisviewitisfullycomplywiththesocialnorms,ismodesttableinkstones,andthatwillbetheirfutureandthefutureofthecompanyiscloselyconnectedtokeeporganizationalharmony.ThisintheChinesepeopleisnormalbutagain,straightfromtheshouldertosayhissalaryobjectsorpositiongoalbutwillisconsideredtobeaambitionswatchinkstones.Inaddition,theChineseevaluationaperson,oftenistheclearwhatwashedoing,exactly,andnotatwhathesaid.不论他把自己的理想、抱负描绘得何等宏伟;也不论他把自己的能力,素质说得如何天花乱坠.如果最后他做不到,这一切都只能成为别人的笑柄;美国人一向很直接明了,这也是他们一贯的思维方式。Americanshavealwaysverydirectandclear,thisistheirusualwayofthinking.从美籍经理询问这位员工时于自己未来五年发展的打算,即想要在飞利浦做到什么样的职位可以看出,美国人注重个人在企业的发展状况。通过个人才华的施展和势力来取得企业的辉辉煌和达到理想目标。这也许与美国一贯提倡的个人主义有着莫大关系。他们重独立、多坦率,等级和身份观念淡薄,认为追求个人的利益是天经地义、无可厚非的,他们对中国式的重礼仪、身份和多委婉,却视为假装和缺乏真诚。美国文化提倡大胆直接表露自己想法。Americanspayattentiontoindividualinthedevelopmentoftheenterprise.Throughtheindividualtalentandtogettheirpoweroftheenterpriseissplendidandtoachieve

  theidealtargetFraser.ThismayandAmericanadvocatesfortheindividualismhasgreatrelationship.Theyheavyindependent,outspoken,levelandidentityconceptlight,arguedthatthepursuitoftheinterestoftheindividualisperfectlyjustified,understandable,theirChineseheavytoetiquette,identityandmoretactful,butaspretendandlackofsincerity.TheAmericancultureadvocatedirecttorevealhisboldideas.在该案例中,美国的人力资源经理认为直截了当地说出自己的期望和要求并无不妥.反而是真诚和自信的表现,有利于中国员工实现人生的成功。相反,中国人习惯委婉的表达方式,直接说出自己的要求会显得不礼貌和磨突,他对于美国人的直白也很是不满。

  文化沟通

  由于谈话的不愉快使得美国经理和中国雇员都对彼此颇有微词,虽然美国经理的本意是想通过谈话了解这位中国雇员对于自己事业发展的规划,今后适时可能提拔他。值得一提的是,案例中的另一名人力资源主管贾先生已意识到两人相互误解的原因,并试图向两人解释,但是收效甚微,问题的关键是在于这两位当事人。但是如果有一个了解双方文化的中间人适当做出解释.应当是可以化解甚至是化解文化冲突的。Thekeytotheproblemisthetwoparties.Butifthereisacultureofappropriatetothemiddlementoexplain.Shallbeeasedevenresolveculturalconflict.既然身处于一个国际化的大公司里,必然会面对有若不同文化背景的员工,如果想当然地认为所有人都与自己有若相同的价值观念和社会准则,那肯定是大错特错。因此首先必须培养文化教感性,意识到文化的差异性.这对于美国人和中国人都同样重要:

  只有了解了不同文化的基本状况,人们才能在与有着不同文化背景的人交往时保持宽容,而不是一概否定、批评。本案例中的中美双方当事人由于对对方的文化缺乏必要了解,因此在发生冲突时就缺乏宽容和耐心。

  "Youhavetounderstandthebasicsituationofdifferentcultures,peoplecanhavedifferentculturalbackgroundandthosewhomtheybetolerant,notdeny,criticism.Inthiscasethebothpartiesbecauseofthelackofnecessarytoknoweachother"sculture,soinconflictislackoftoleranceandpatience.

  Thepropersolution.First,theenterprisestaffcanacceptthelocalcultureinhostcountriesthebaptismandrelatedallkindsofinterculturalcommunicationtraining.Orthehostcountrycompanydirectlyforforeignstaffwakeaperiodoftimetraining;Second,theenterpriseshouldstrivetobuildtheirownculture,calendaryear,tomakeeverystafffusiontoenterprisecultureinside.Because,usuallythekindofculturehasastronginclusivenessandfusionpower.Fromthecasescansee,AmericanvicePresidentandChineseemployeesintheenterprise"sculturecan"tfindconsensus;Third,asvicePresident,shouldbeforgivingattitudetodealwithculturalconflict,slowlytoandstaffcommunication,ratherthana"impatiently"orcomplain;Fourth,throughthethirdpartyoftheadjustmentandtheexplanation,makecleartheproblem,unlockthevicePresidentandChineseemployeesofthedoubtsandcontradictionbetween.

篇九:案例分析跨文化交际篇十:案例分析跨文化交际

  

  跨文化交际案例分析(共7个)

  《跨文化交际学概论》第七章社会交往五、宴请招待p132CaseOne:SettingRulesforaGuest–AmericanHospitality

  案例:

  WhenZhangTaotraveledinAmerica,helivedinthehomeofhisAmericanfriend,Bill.Onceafterhehadtraveledback,hefoundBillwasinabadmood.Whenheaskedwhattheproblemwas,BilltoldZhangTaothathissonAdamgotfuriousaboutthenoiseZhangmadewhenwalkingupstairsandalsobecausehewasusingtoomuchwaterinthesolarpoweredshowerandAdamhadtohavehisshowerincoldwater.BilltoldZhangTaothatheshouldwalkmoresoftlyinfuture,andhaveafastshowertosavewater.ZhangTaofeltuneasy.Howcouldthehostsetsuchrulesforhisguest!

  Question:WhydidZhangTaofeeluneasy?

  分析:

  1)

  InChina,whenpeoplehostsomeone,theyputtheguestintheplaceofhonortoshowhospitality.Theytrytotakecareoftheguest,andtrytomaketheguest

  feelcomfortableandatease.2)

  InAmerica,peopletendtogivetheguestgreatfreedomandtreataguestmorecasually,naturallyandtruthfully.3)

  ZhangTaoknewhewasaguest,andthoughtintermsofChineseexpectationsofhospitality.HethoughtBillshouldtreathimcourteouslyinsteadofsettingrulesforhim.4)

  SinceZhangTaolivedinAmericansurroundings,heshouldhaveknownaboutthecustomstheresooner.

  CaseTwo:

  案例:

  Linhadtraveled20hoursfromBeijingtoNewYork.Heneededagoodmeal.HisAmericanfriend,Mike,methim.ButMikeonlyofferedhimaplateofroastedchickenandaglassoforangejuice.Linwasusedtohavingamaincourse,andaskedMikeifhehadanyrice.Mikesaidheonlyhadfriednoodles,andLinhadtomakedowithit.ThoughLinknewAmericansdidn’tcareverymuchaboutwhatfoodtheyate,hestillfeltsurprisedbecausehehadtakenMiketothemostfamousduckrestaurantinBeijing--Quanjude--whenhearrivedinBeijing.

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  Question:WhydidLinfeelsurprised?OffersomeadvicetohimaboutadjustingtohisnewenvironmentinAmerica.

  分析:

  1)

  0nthetopicofhospitality,theChinesestressonwarmthanddemonstratingfriendship.Theytaketheguesttoafamousorluxuriousrestauranttohaveaverygood(expensive)mealtoshowtheirhospitality.AndtheChineseareusedtohavingabigmeal.Themoredishestheyputout,thegreaterthewarmthandfriendshipthey

  show.2)

  Inwesterncountries,peoplestressonfreedom.Theygivetheguestgreatfreedomtochoosetheirownfoods.Andwesternerstendtohaveonlyonemain

  courseandsomejuiceordessert,whichisviewedascasualintheeyesofthe

  Chinese.

  3)

  LinlivedinAmericansurroundingsandshouldhaveadjustedhimselfquicklytothenewworld(lifestyle).Heshouldhaveknownthecustomtherefirst,andfeltmoreateaseinMike

  ’.shome

  CaseThree:EqualityorHospitalityforTableManners

  案例:

  LinHuahasaccompaniedanAmericandelegationtovisitChina.TheyhaveexperiencedthehospitalityoftheChinesepeople.AfterreturningtoAmerica,Linhuaoncevisitedthem.Theyweresogladtomeetagain.Linhuaofferedtohostthemeal,buttheyrefused.Theyorderedtheirowndish,andLinhuaorderedherown.Whenfootingthebill,theyonlypaidtheirpart,andnoonewantedtopayforLinhua.Linhuafoundthemsoinhospitable,thoughsheknewtheAmericanswouldusually

  payfortheirownfood.

  Question:WhydidLinhuafindtheminhospitable?

  分析:

  1)

  InChina,toshowhospitality,peopletendtohostthemeal.Andiftheycannotdothis,theyatleastwillstruggletopayfortheguest.2)

  InAmerica,peopletendtopayforthemselvestoshowequalityandindependence.3)

  Linhuaknowsthiscustom,butfromaChinesepointofview,shestillfindsthishardtoaccept,andfeelsitalittleinhospitable.

  CaseFour:

  案例:

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  IhaveanAmericanfriend.Ihaveinvitedhimseveraltimes,andatlonglastheinvitedmetohishomeoneday.Hetoldmetogetthereat3pm.Ithoughtwecouldchatandhaveamealtogether.IgavehimaChinesecalendar,woman’sscarfandabottleofChinesewhitewine.Heonlytookoutadishofnuts,aplateofbreadandabottleofwine.Aftertwohours’chat,Ifoundtherewasnohintofamealandsaidgood-byetohim.HeonlygavemeaboxofchocolateasapresentfortheNewYear.AfterIgothome,Ifoundtheboxalreadybeenopened.Iwasverysurprised,Question:Whatsurprisedme?

  分析:

  1)

  InChina,avisittohomealwaysincludesameal.Andtheguestalwaysbringsarelativelyexpensivepresenttothehost.Andthepresentshouldbewell

  wrappedoruntouched.2)

  Inthewest,avisittohomeonlymeansameeting,notnecessarilyincludingameal.AndthepresentistreatednotasimportantlyasitisinChina.

  3)

  IactedinawaythatwasbasedonChinesecustoms,soIfelttheAmericanwaywasveryinteresting(unusual).

  CaseFive:WayofEntertainingGuestsinChina----Drinkmoreandmore

  案例:

  Tom,anAmerican,wenttoaChinesehomeforthefirsttime.Hewasofferedsometea.Justwhenthefirstcupwasabouttofinish,moreteawasadded.Hedrankthesecondcup.Thenthecupwasfilledthethirdtime.Thenhedrankit,then?

  untilhewasquitefull.Tomwastotallyconfusedbythewayofentertaining.

  Question:WhywasTomtotallyconfused?

  分析:

  1)

  TraditionalChinesecustomrequiresthatduringthecourseofentertaining,thehosthastoalwayspourmorewineorteatotheguest’glassorcup,andalwaysaddsmore

  foodtotheguest’splateorbowlwithoutaskingwhetherit

  ’swanted.

  2)

  Chineseguestsknowhowtorespondtothistypeofhospitality.Theysimply

  leavethewine,tea,orfoodinthecontainerandstophavinganymore.ButTom,theAmericanguestinthecasedidn

  ’tknowthis.

  3)

  Hefollowedthepolitenessruleofhisculture:it’snotgoodmannerstoleavefoodinone’sownplateatadinnertable.Therefore,withoutanyknowledgeofthedifferencesbetweenthetwocultures,anAmericanguestwouldverylikelysufferfromeitherdrinkingoreatingtoomuchinsuchasituation.

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  CaseSix

  AsaforeignstudentattheUniversityofWisconsininMadison,KeikoIhara

  (Japanese)wasonastrictbudget.Shehadallhertuitionandbookspaidforby

  scholarshipsandgrantsanduntilrecentlywascomfortablyhousedinthedormitory.

  Wantingtoliveinthecommunityratherthaninthedormitory,shefoundasmall

  apartmenttosharewithafriend.Hercollegefriends,knowingofhersituation,offered

  toroundupsomeofthenecessaryitemsforapartmentliving.Keikopolitelydeclined,

  sayingshecouldmanage.Wantingtohelpoutherfriendsfoundsomeoldbutstill

  usablehouseholdappliancesandfurniture.Maryhadanolddeskthatwasinher

  garage.Edhadsomechairsfromhisuncle,andJoeandMarionhadafewextradishes.

  Theycheerfullybroughtthemoveroneday.Keikoseemedveryembarrassed,but

  gracefullyacceptedthem,sincerelyandprofuselythankedthem.

  ThefollowingweektheywereeachpresentedwithagiftfromKeiko.Marygot

  anornatejewelrybox,EdavolumeofwoodcutsbyafamousJapaneseartist,andJoe

  andMarionabeautifulJapanesevase,allofwhichwereofconsiderableworthand

  value,muchmorethantheoldthingstheyhaddonatedtoher.Theyallprotestedthat

  shecouldnotaffordtogivesuchelaborategifts;theyreallyexpectednothingasthe

  householditemswerenotreallybeingusedandtheywouldratherhaveherusethem.

  Keiko,however,insistedthattheytakethegifts.Intheend,theyacceptedthegifts,

  althoughtheyallfeltuncomfortableastheyknewshewasreallysacrificingtogive

  them.

  Questions:

  1.

  WhatdoyouthinkofKeikoinsistingongivingvaluablegiftstohercollegefriends?2.

  WhydidKeiko’sfriendsfeelveryuncomfortablewhentheyreceivedvaluablegiftsinreturn?

  分析:

  Keikoinsistsongivingvaluablegiftstohercollegefriends,becauseincountrieslikeJapan,exchanginggiftsisastronglyrootedsocialtradition.Shouldyoureceiveagift,anddon’thaveonetoofferinreturn,youwillprobablycreateacrisis.Ifnotasseriousasacrisis,onewhodoesn’tofferagiftinreturnmaybeconsideredrudeorimpolite.Therefore,inJapan,giftsareasymbolicwaytoshowappreciation,respect,gratitudeandfurtherrelationship.

  KeikoobviouslyhastakenthoseuseditemsfromMary,EdandMarionasgifts,forsheprobablydoesn’tknowthatAmericansfrequentlydonatetheirusedhouseholditemstochurchortothecommunity.Mary,EdandMarionwouldneverconsiderthoseusedhouseholditemsgiventoKeikoasgifts.Nowondertheyfeltveryuncomfortablewhentheyreceivedvaluablegiftsinreturn.

  CaseSeven

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  Selma,whoisfromtheUS,isinastudentexchangeprograminIndonesia.Oneday,shewasaskedtoattendabirthdaypartyandshewasdelighted,forshewascurioustoknowwhatanIndonesianbirthdaypartywaslike.Tohersurprise,shewastheonlyonethatdressedintypicallyWesternclothes.Althoughshehadnostrongreasontobecomeuneasy,heruneasyfeelingprevailedasthepartywasgoingon.Tomakeherselffeelbetter,shewenttothefoodtableandbegantohelpherself.But,uponleavingthetable,shetrippedonthelegofachairandspilledherdrinkonthefloor.Oneofthegirlsstoopeddowntomopupthespillandeveryoneelselaughedoutloud.Selma,uncertainwhattodonext,quietlymovedoutofherwaywithher

  headloweredinshame.

  Questions:

  3.

  WhatfunctionsdoeslaughingserveinsimilarsituationsinChina?4.

  Whatshouldwedotohelpourselvesorotherpeopleoutofembarrassmentcausedbyculturaldifferencesinlaughing?

  分析:

  Justlikesmile,laughingdoesnotalwaysservethesamefunctionindifferentcultures.Interestingly,forusChinese,laughingoftenhasaspecialfunctiononsometensesocialoccasions.Peoplemaylaughtoreleasethetensionorembarrassment,toexpresstheirconcernaboutyou,theirintentiontoputyouateaseortohelpyoucomeoutoftheembarrassment.Inthiscase,thepeopletherewereactuallywishingtolaughwiththeAmericanratherthanlaughather.Theirlaughingseemedtoconveya

  numberofmessages:don‘ttakeitsoseriously;laughitoff,itsuchthings‘snothing;canhappentoanyofus,etc.UnfortunatelytheAmericanwasunawareofthis.She

  thoughttheywerelaughingather,whichmadeherfeelmorebadlyandangry,forinherculturelaughingonsuchanoccasionwouldbeinterpretedasaninsultingresponse,humiliatingandnegative.

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